Brazil Essay, Research Paper
Brazil
The name Brazil comes from Pau Brasil. There are around 145 million
people living in Brazil, most of them near the coast. The population is
growing rapidly and half of all Brazilians are under the age of 20. By
the end of the century, it is estimated that Brazil?s population will
have reached 180 million. Brazil borders on ten other Latin American
countries. Most of the northern part of Brazil is low-lying and veined
by the mighty Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon is the
largest river in the world. The native peoples of Brazil lived in the
forests and along the rivers, hunting, fishing, and gathering fruits and
nuts. When the Portuguese arrived early in the 16th century, it is
estimated that there were between 1 and 2 million native Amerindian
people. They were used as slaves, and many thousands died from
diseases brought by the Europeans. Recently Amerindians have been
exploited and killed as land speculators and highways go farther into
the rain forest. There are probably less than 150,000 Indians now.
Portuguese settlers developed vast sugarcane estates in the Bahia
region, and for 150 years these estates were in the world?s main
source of sugar. To work the estates, the owners used salves from
Africa. Today there is still an African tradition in Brazil.
Modern immigration began early in the 19th century. Only about 4.5
million foreigners, mostly from Europe, settled in Brazil after then.
Most were Italians and Portuguese, but there were also Spaniards
and Germans, and later Slavs from Poland, Russia, and the Ukraine,
and Arabs from the Middle East. In this century the most significant
immigrants have been Japanese. They have become the most
prosperous ethnic group in Brazil, growing a fifth of the coffee, a third
of the cotton, and all the tea. Traditionally the majority of Brazilians
settled near the coast, but in the last 30 years the rapid movement
from rural areas to urban centers has led to a very uneven
distribution of the population. In parts of the interior there is an
average of just two people per square mile. More than 75 percent of
the people live in towns. Half of these are in just two cities. Sao
Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
People have moved from rural areas to the towns to seek work and
better medical and educational facilities for their families. But the
reality has been very different. Tens of thousands of people now live
in shantytowns or Favelas, on the outskirts of the cities, with little
hope of ever getting a decent job. One of the features of Brazil is
that many different races and peoples intermarry, making Brazilians
one of the most varied peoples in the world. The average Brazilian
has a fascinating family tree which may include a Portuguese
great-grandfather, a native Indian grandmother, a slave grandfather,
a German father, and so on.
Family ties are strong in Brazil. Three generations, including
grandparents and young married couples, often live together in one
house. Poorer families are frequently large, with five or six children,
and grandparents look after the very young while the rest of the
family work.
There is a wide gap between rich and poor. The wealthy live in luxury
mansions or on vast estates, employ maids and gardeners, and enjoy
the same consumer goods as any family in the developed world.
Homes for the poor are shacks of cardboard and corrugated iron,
furnished with the barest essentials and mostly without water, light,
or sanitation.
The extreme poverty in the urban slums, the high unemployment, and
the increasing numbers leaving rural areas for the cities have led to
serious problems. The poorest people suffer most because the state
cannot provide for them, but children who About 90 percent of
Brazil?s population belong to the Roman Catholic Church. The Catholic
Church has gone through a great transformation in the last 20 years.
Most young Catholic priests and many bishops are ?progressives.?
They believe that society should be more like Christ himself wanted it
to be. The great injustices that exist in Brazil have made many
Catholic priests and bishops ally themselves with the poor. Many
have been persecuted and murdered for this, especially for defending
the poor squatter farmers. Although Brazilian Christians are
traditionally Roman Catholics, the religion that is growing fastest is
the Pentecostal branch of Protestantism. These days, often the first
church to be built in the new towns that spring up overnight in the
North and Amazon regions belongs to one of the Pentecostal
religions. Since their ministers do not have to go through years of
training like the Roman Catholics, these religions can expand much
more quickly. Pentecostal ministers can be ordinary people, with jobs
outside the church. More Brazilians are going to school these days
and more learn to read and write, yet the average education received
by a Brazilian adults is still less than four years. One hundred years
ago, in 1890, it was estimated that 80 percent of the adults in Brazil
could not read or write. For nearly 30 years, primary education has
been compulsory in Brazil, and today, only around 20 percent are still
totally illiterate.
Children start school at six to seven years old, and are supposed to
go on the age of 14 or 15. In 1980, for every 100 children who
started primary school, only 13 finished the full eight years of primary
school. Of these, fewer than half went on to some form of higher
education.
Children have to pass examinations every year. If they don?t get good
enough grades at the end of the year, they have to repeat the whole
year over again. Many children fall so far behind, repeating the same
year two or three times, that they give up and drop out. Another
problem is that although parents don?t have to pay for children to go
to state school, they do have to pay for books, writing materials, and
uniforms. They also have to pay some school taxes, such as
contributions to the Parents? and Teachers? Association. The poorest
families cannot afford this.
The school day in Brazil in only four hours long, which is shorter than
in most countries. Most schools have two or three ?shifts? a day, in
the mornings, afternoons, and evenings. Many youngsters who work
during the day go to school in the evening. Universities also offer
evening degree courses. From the 1970s onward, more and more
private schools have opened all over Brazil. The more expensive
private schools have longer hours than the state schools and include
drama, sports, and art lessons. The welfare services in Brazil show
that what people say is true ? there are not just two different Brazils
but two different Brazilians. Rich Brazilians are taller, stronger,
healthier, and live longer than poor Brazilians. Brazil became an
independent country in 1822 when Dom Pedro I was crowned
emperor. His son, Dom Pedro II, introduced many reforms. When Dom
Pedro II passed the ?Golden Law? to abolish slavery, the wealthy
landowners became angry. They plotted with military to depose him,
and the empire ended. Since 1889, when Brazil became a republic,
there have been both military and civilian governments. One
successful president was Getulio Vargas, known as the ?Father of the
Poor? because of the measures he took to try and improve the
welfare of the people. Another president, Juscelino Kubitschek, in
1960 founded the new capital city, Brasilia, on an uninhabited plateau
in central Brazil. From 1964 until 1985, there was a military
government, with political regression and torture of its opponents,
but also economic success. The military eventually agreed to a first
civilian president in 21 years. The constitution was revised to ensure
that five years later the next president was elected by the people. All
persons age 18-69 who are over age 70, or between 16 and 17 years
old may do so if they wish.
Two years after taking office in 1992 the new president, Fernando
Collor de Mello, was forced to resign on corruption charges. This
shocked the Brazilians. Brasilia is now home to the Congress building,
ministries, president?s office, and more than a million people. Congress
is made up of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, who make
the laws by which the country is governed. They are also responsible
for financial policy and relations with other countries. The president
needs approval from Congress for many acts, but he can veto laws
passed by them. The 26 states and the Federal District elect their
own governor and legislature, and each state is divided into
Municipios, each of which elects a mayor.
Sugar, introduced in the 16th century by the Portuguese, was the
first commercially successful agricultural crop in Brazil, followed early
in the 18th century by coffee, brought in from French Guiana. Coffee
grew well on the hilly uplands west of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo,
and in the southern states, where it has been concentrated since,
though some is grown in the Amazon region, too. Today, Brazil is the
world?s largest producer and exporter of both sugar and coffee.
The south is Brazil?s riches agricultural area. But farming lacks the
advance technology widely used in the U.S. Throughout Brazil, only
20 percent of arable land is cultivated, and the agricultural industry
employs less than a quarter of the working population.
Yet Brazil is almost self-sufficient in food production, except for
wheat, and agricultural production accounts for about a third of
exports. As well as coffee and sugar, major crops are soybeans,
cocoa, cotton, tobacco, and corn. Rice, sorghum, and beans are
grown for the domestic market. All kinds of fruits are plentiful, with
some like maracuja or passion fruit now familiar in Western markets.
Currently Brazil supplies 85 percent of the world market for orange
juice concentrates. The forests also provide a range of nuts, of
which the Brazil nut is the best known.
Although about a quarter of Brazilians live in the countryside, very
few own their land. It is a major problem that 80 percent of the land
is owned by just 5 percent of the population, and this has led to
considerable violence between would-be settlers and gunmen hired
by landowners. Opening up the Amazon has not proved to be the
solution either. Colonists who received grants of land from the
government have found it difficult to make the small farms profitable,
and many have been forced to sell out to wealthy landowners or
speculators. In addition, between 1985 and 1989, 350 people in the
Amazons were killed by gunmen. Ranching has met with little more
success, again because the land is poor. In some places, 60 acres
are needed to support just one cow. The main center of Brazil?s
cattle industry, which overall contributes some 10 percent to world
trade, is in the south and to a lesser extent in the northeast.
Cowboys known as Gauchos herd the millions of cattle that roam the
vast grasslands of the south. They wear flat black hats and baggy
trousers called bombachas. Their favorite drink is herbal tea, or mate.
In contrast, the cowboys of the northeast, the Vaqueiros, wear
leather hats and trousers to protect their legs from the spiny scrub
and cacti of the arid caatingas. Although it has the longest
continuous coastline in the world, Brazil has only a small fishing
industry. Much of the catch is for the home market, and it is caught
by local village fishermen. Off the Northeast coast, fisherman use
boats called Jangadas, which traditionally were made of logs lashed
together. Today most are manufactured from plastic tubing.
Since World War II, the industry has taken over from agriculture as
the basis of Brazil?s economy. Billions of dollars have been spent on
industry, first in the 1950s and then in the 1970s when the ?Brazilian
miracle? took place that transformed Brazil into an industrial nation.
The generals who were in charge in the 1970s borrowed vast sums
from international banks, which paid for the ?miracle? but left the
country big debts. Today Brazil has the largest foreign debt of any
country in the world. Repaying it is an almost impossible task for a
developing nation, even though Brazil in recent years has seen its
exports exceeding imports.
Brazil has also suffered from high inflation, with prices of food and
other goods increasing almost daily. Between 1986 and 1990, the
currency was altered three times: in 1986, 1,000 cruzeiros were
reduced to equal 1 cruzado in 1989 the cruzado was replaced by the
new cruzado and in 1990 the new cruzado was replaced by the
cruzeiro. With each change the value of Brazilian money has declined,
and it is the poor people and lower paid workers who have suffered
most.
One aspect of the ?Brazilian miracle? was the development of
manufacturing industries. State-run companies were established to
run important industries, such as oil, steel, communications, and
electricity. Foreign companies were invited to set up in the country,
and large-scale industries were established for the construction of
ships, vehicles of every kind, and aircraft. The vast majority of
products, such as textiles, clothing, and processed food and drinks,
are still important. Most shoe stores in the U.S. sell a range of
Brazilian-made shoes, while Brazilian aircraft are used commercially in
other countries. Timber has become more important, with softwoods
used locally for paper and hardwoods felled for export.
Industry now accounts for about 70 percent of total exports and
employs about a quarter of Brazil?s work force. Most industry is
heavily concentrated in the southeast, around the cities of Sao
Paulo, Rio, and Belo Horizont. For centuries the most reliable way of
traveling in Brazil was by river. Most freight and passengers now go
by road or air, but rivers are still an important communication link in
some remote areas, and oceangoing ships still travel to Manaus.
Some railroads were introduced in the 19th century, mainly
connected with mines, but in the country as a whole there are few
railroads for general passenger travel.
A dramatic increase in road building over the last 30 years has now
linked Brasilia, in the heart of the country, to most outlying areas.
The first of the Amazon highways connected Brasilia to Belem at the
mouth of the Amazon river, while the most recent links the west of
the Amazon to the industrial southeast, providing a route along which
much of the newly felled timer is carried to the coast.
The greatest problem in Brazil is its sheer size. Air transportation has
transformed communication over very long distances. There are
regular services on major routes between main cities and frequent
flights to remote, outlying regions where small planes can land on
grass landing strips, or if necessary amphibian planes alight on the
rivers. But for many people, flying is an expensive way to travel.
Older forms of transportation, such as horsed and cars are still much
in use on rural areas. Water buffalo and carts are used in Marajo
Island. However, many more people are riding bicycles and, if they
can afford them, motorcycles that can cope with dirt roads and are
fast.
It has been estimated that in less than 30 years Sao Paulo and Rio de
Janeiro will be two of the most populated cities in the world. Yet
overall Brazil?s population growth is relatively low. But if there is to be
a more equal distribution of the population, future governments will
need to find ways to persuade people not to leave rural areas. This
problem may be helped as the cities and towns farthest from Rio and
Sao Paulo are developed, with their own airports and bus terminals,
so that people see less reason to move to the coast in search of
better facilities.
Other problems that must be faced are the increasing gap between
rich and poor, the huge international debt, and the need to
redistribute land so that the majority of the population can benefit.
However, in many ways Brazil is a very fortunate country, and
compared with many others, it can look forward to an exciting 21st
century. Backed by is enormous natural resources, it is well placed to
become a leading industrial and political force. It has also shown that
is well aware of its responsibility to look after the environment for
future generations.