Water Pollution Essay, Research Paper
Pollution
Roads, highways, and bridges are a source of significant contributions of pollutants to our nation’s waters. Contaminants from vehicles and activities related to road and highway construction and maintenance are washed from roads and roadsides when it rains or snow melts. A large amount of this runoff pollution is carried directly to water bodies.(Urban Industry 1) Runoff pollution is that associated with rainwater or melting snow that washes off roads, bridges, parking lots, rooftops, and other nonnatural surfaces. As it flows over these surfaces, the water picks up dirt and dust, rubber and metal deposits from tire wear, antifreeze and engine oil that has dripped onto the pavement, pesticides and fertilizers, discarded cups, plastic bags, cigarette butts, pet waste, and other litter. These contaminants are carried into our lakes, rivers, streams, and oceans. Contaminants in runoff pollution from roads, highways, and bridges include sediment which is produced when soil particles are washed away from the land and transported to surface waters. some of these soil particles settle out of the water in a lake, stream, or bay onto aquatic plants, rocks, and at the bottom of the water. This sediment prevents sunlight from reaching aquatic plants, gets caught in fish gills, makes it hard for some organisms to breathe. Natural erosion usually occurs gradually because plant life protects the ground. When land is cleared or changed to build a road or bridge the rate of erosion increases. The plants and trees are removed and the soil is left exposed, to be quickly washed away in the next rain. Erosion around bridge structures, road pavements, and drainage areas can damage and weaken these man made structures. Other pollutants such as heavy metals and pesticides adhere to sediment and are transported with it by wind and water. These pollutants degrade water quality and can harm aquatic life by interfering with photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and reproduction. Oils and Grease: Oils and grease are leaked onto road surfaces from car and truck engines, spilled at fueling stations, and discarded directly onto pavement or into storm sewers instead of being taken to recycling stations. Rain and snowmelt transport these pollutants directly to surface waters. Heavy metals come from some “natural” sources such as minerals in rocks, vegetation, sand, and salt. But they also come from car and truck exhaust, worn tires and engine parts, brake linings, weathered paint, and rust. Heavy metals are toxic to aquatic life and can potentially contaminate ground water. Debris: Grass and shrub clippings, pet waste, food containers, and other household wastes and litter can lead to unsightly and polluted waters. Pet waste from urban areas can add enough nutrients to estuaries to cause premature aging, or “eutrophication.” Road Salts: In the snowbelt, road salts can be a major pollutant in both urban and rural areas. Snow runoff containing salt can produce high sodium and chloride concentrations in ponds, lakes, and bays. This can cause unnecessary fish kills and changes to water chemistry. Fertilizers, Pesticides, and Herbicides: If these are applied excessively or improperly, fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides can be carried by rain waters from the green parts of public rights-of-way. In rivers, streams, lakes, and bays, fertilizers contribute to algal blooms and excessive plant growth, and can lead to eutrophication. Pesticides and herbicides can be harmful to human and aquatic life. Recognizing and Controlling Runoff Pollution Erosion gullies on land cleared of vegetation at a road construction site are a sign of sediment runoff. Iridescence (rainbow colors) in runoff water is a sign of spilled petroleum products washing off roads. Other signs of runoff pollution during road construction include obvious changes in streams or rivers downstream from the construction, such as bank erosion and sloughing, muddy or oily water, and sandbar relocation. Clumps of mud on roads leaving a construction site can lead to sediment flows heading for drainage ditches and storm inlets that empty into nearby streams. Rad projects should incorporate pollution prevention , preferably by reducing the amount of pollutants released, into an effective runoff pollution control plan. Best management practices such as permanent storm water retention/detention ponds, slope protection, or grass strips, and temporary sediment traps, silt fences, diversion trenches, and provisions for washing vehicles before they leave the construction site are all means to reduce runoff pollution. Pollution Prevention and Control Programs and Regulations The need to protect our environment has resulted in a number of pollution control laws, regulations, and programs. The implementation of these programs takes place at all levels – federal, state, and local. Clean Water Act In 1987, Congress established the Nonpoint Source Management Program under section 319 of the Clean Water Act (CWA), to help states address nonpoint source, or runoff pollution by identifying waters affected by such pollution and adopting and implementing management programs to control it. These programs recommend where and how to use best management practices (BMPs) to prevent runoff from becoming polluted, and where it is polluted, to reduce the amount that reaches surface waters. Coastal Zone Management Act and Reauthorization The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 established a program for states and territories to voluntarily develop comprehensive programs to protect and manage coastal water resource. There are now 29 states and territories with federally approved coastal zone management programs. The Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) of 1990 specifically charged the coastal states and territories with developing upgraded programs to protect coastal waters from runoff pollution. This program is administered nationally by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). CZARA applies to construction sites in 29 states and territories where less than 5 acres is disturbed. CZARA also applies to storm water runoff from roads that is carried by municipal separate storm sewer systems that serve populations of less than 100,000.
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
Construction sites where 5 or more acres are disturbed are considered point sources of
pollution and require a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
storm water permit under section 402 of the CWA. In addition. the following types of
storm water discharges are regulated under the NPDES permit program: discharges
from municipal separate sewer systems serving populations of 100,000 or more;
discharges associated with industrial activities, including construction sites of 5 acres or
more; and other discharges identified by EPA or a state as needing an NPDES permit
because they contribute to a water quality violation.
EPA is developing regulations for other storm water discharges, which may include
discharges from municipal separate storm sewer systems serving populations of less
than 100,000 and discharges associated with commercial operations, light industries,
and construction sites of less than 5 acres. If and when construction sites of less than 5
acres are regulated under the NPDES program, they will no longer be subject to the
requirements of CZARA.
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
A major piece of legislation designed to expand and improve the quality and condition
of our national highway and transportation systems is the Intermodal Surface
Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991, better known as “ice tea.” This act
contains provision for the planning and developing of highway systems and a host of
transportation enhancements activities including the mitigation of water pollution due to
highway runoff.
Through ISTEA, states are able to use a portion of their federal funding allotment for
runoff pollution control devices and other BMPs to prevent polluted runoff from
reaching their lakes, rivers, and bays.
Other EPA Programs
Other EPA programs that help control roadway pollution include the National Estuary
Program (NEP) established by the CWA and the pesticides program under the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act. The NEP focuses on point sources and
runoff pollution in targeted, high-priority estuaries. The pesticides program regulates
pesticides that might threaten ground and surface waters.
Management Measures and Best Management Practices
CZARA established goals to be achieved in controlling the addition of pollutants to out
coastal waters. EPA developed a Guidance Specifying Management Measures for
Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters. States with approved coastal zone
management programs are required to incorporate the Guidance management
measures, or more stringent management measures, into their Coastal Zone Nonpoint
Source Control Programs. CWA section 319 programs assist states in the
development of nonpoint source controls.
Key management measures for roads, highways, and bridges include the following:
Protect areas that provide important water quality benefits or are particularly
susceptible to erosion or sediment loss.
Limit land disturbance such as clearing and grading and cut fill to reduce erosion
and sediment loss.
Limit disturbance of natural drainage features and vegetation.
Place bridge structures so that sensitive and valuable aquatic ecosystems are
protected.
Prepare and implement an approved erosion control plan.
Ensure proper storage and disposal of toxic material.
Incorporate pollution prevention into operation and maintenance procedures to
reduce pollutant loadings to surface runoff.
Develop and implement runoff pollution controls for existing road systems to
reduce pollutant concentrations and volumes.
Consult the Guidance for detailed information on the management measures.
Management measures, as a practical matter, can often be achieved by applying best
management practices appropriate to the source of runoff, runoff location, and climate.
The Guidance suggests a number of best management practices that are options for
states to use in successfully achieving management measures for bridges, road
construction, road maintenance, and operation.
Examples of best management practices for roads, highways, and bridges include:
Avoid highway locations that require numerous river or wetland crossings (to
achieve the Management Measure for Bridges).
Coordinate erosion and sediment controls with the Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA), the American Association of State Transportation
Officials (AASHTO), and state guidelines (to achieve the Management Measure
for Construction Projects).
Collect and remove road debris and repair potholes (to achieve the
Management Measure for Operation and Maintenance).
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