ADHD Essay, Research Paper
ADHD
? ADHD, a disorder beginning in childhood, characterized by a persistent inability to sit
still, focus attention on specific tasks, and control impulses,? contributed by Michael Woods to
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most
common mental disorders of childhood. Many children grow out of ADHD by adolescent or
adult years, but many do not. Studies show ADHD in adulthood is more severe and may cause
long term effects.
Diagnosing ADHD is very difficult, because most children are inattentive, hyperactive, and
impulsive at least some of the time. When diagnosing there is no blood test, or written test to
determine if ADHD is present. All there is are guidelines and an educated guess. The guidelines
include, ? A disturbance of at least six months during which at least eight of the following are
present:
1. often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat
2. has difficulty remaining seated when required to do so
3. is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
4. has difficulty awaiting turn in games or group situations
5. often blurts out answers to questions before they have been completed
6. has difficulty following through on instructions from others
7. has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities
8. often shifts from one uncompleted activity to another
9. has difficulty playing quietly
10. often talks excessively
11. often does not seem to listen to what is being said to him or her
13. often loses things necessary for tasks or activities at school or at home ( e.g.. pencils )
14. often engages in physically dangerous activities without considering possible
consequences ( not for thrill seeking purposes ) e.g.. runs into the street without looking
The above items are listed in descending order of discriminating power based on data from
national field trial of the DSM-III-R criteria for Disruptive Behavior Disorders,? contributed Sam
& Michael Goldstein to Managing Attention Disorders in Children page11. In order to diagnose
ADHD, these symptoms must occur more frequent than children of the same age and must occur
in more than one sitting.
90% of ADHD patients take Ritalin, a mild central nervous system stimulant believed to
calm hyperactivity by helping the brain disregard distracting stimuli, ? ADHD has been estimated
to affect 3% to 5% of school-age children nation wide, with less than 3% actually receiving
medication,? said Gretchen LeFever, a pediatric psychologist, on an Internet column. Gretchen
LeFever?s research found that 8% to 10% of children in second through fifth grades routinely
took ADHD medication in school during 1995-1996 school year. LeFever also conducted
another study which she examined records of student enrolled in the second through fifth grade
once again, but she chose two specific cities this time, Portsmouth and Virginia Beach. She chose
these two cities, because they are the most diverse cities in Virginia, Portsmouth is a small, urban,
poor, mostly black district, while Virginia Beach, Virginia is a larger, more wealthy, and mostly
white district. LeFever and her researchers found that ADHD medication was used three times as
many boys as with girls and twice as many whites as blacks. The researchers also found that the
use of medication increased as the children aged. By fifth grade, 19% to 20% of white boys
received ADHD medication.
Scientists do not know what causes ADHD, however, they have discredited many theories
that ADHD was a result from minor head injuries or undetectable brain damage due to infections
or complications during birth. Another theory blamed the consumption of refined sugar and food
additives, a study was done and it showed that very few ADHD children benefited from a special
diet. Another theory junked was the theory of bad parenting or a dysfunctional home life.
? Controversy exists over the diagnosis of ADHD. Physicians in the United States
diagnose the disorder more often than doctors elsewhere in the world,? contributed Michael
Woods to Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. Researchers examined about 30,000 grade-school
children in two districts in southeastern Virginia and found that pupils took drugs for ADHD in
school at two to three times the expected rate, according to the study in the American Journal of
Public Health. ?It?s hard to believe this many children have the specific brain-related problem
called ADHD,? said Dr. Louis H. McCormick, a faculty member in the family medicine
department at Louisiana State University medical school. He said that his study confirmed that
his suspicion that kids are being overdiagnosed.
?Although there is no cure for ADHD, a variety of treatments may help children with this
disorder. These include medication, counseling, social skills training, and other methods. Drugs
are the most common treatment for ADHD and can help reduce symptoms of the disorder.
Physicians usually prescribe one of three drugs: methylphenidate (Ritalin), dextroamphetamine
(Dexedrine or DextroStat), and pemoline (Cylert). These drugs are normally stimulants, yet they
ease hyperactivity and other symptoms in 90% of children with ADHD. The drugs work by
altering levels of neurotransmitters, brain chemicals that transmit nerve signals. A newer
stimulant used to treat ADHD, Aderall, combines dextroamphetamine and amphetamine. Medical
experts regard stimulants as safe. The most common side effects include stomachaches, loss of
appetite, nervousness, and insomnia. Drug therapy may slow a child?s rate of growth temporarily,
but growth usually returns to normal during adolescence. Low doses of stimulants do not cause a
?high? sensation, sedate the child, or cause addiction. Experts often recommend that children
take medication only during school, with medication breaks on weekends and holidays to reduce
unwanted side effects,? contributed by Michael Woods, to Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia.
?Most children with ADHD need more than medication. Drugs only relieve symptoms of
ADHD, which usually return when medication is discontinued. Although drugs help a child to
concentrate and complete schoolwork, they cannot increase a child?s knowledge, teach academic
skills, or directly alter underlying learning disorders or other problems,? contributed Michael
Woods to Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia.
There are many ways to treat ADHD without medication, there are several kinds of
therapy, to help not only the patient, but the family too. Therapy helps the patient deal with the
negative feelings that result form their symptoms. Social skills training can help them recognize
how their behavior affects other people and help them develop more appropriate behavior.
Because children with ADHD often cause family turmoil, parents and other family members may
benefit from therapy or support groups in which other parents share their experiences. Parental
skills training can teach parents to mange a child?s behavior with praise and other rewards, and
with penalties such as ? time-outs? in which a child must sit alone to calm down.
Most scientists think of ADHD as a biological disorder caused by abnormalities in the
brain that control attention span and limit impulsive behavior are less active. ?Brain structures are
affected in ADHD use dopamine to communicate with one another. Genetic studies suggest that
people with ADHD might have alterations in genes encoding either thD4 dopamine receptor,
which receives incoming signals, or the dopamine transportor, which scavenges release dopamine
for reuse,? from Genes to Behavior ADHD. Also ADHD seems to run in the families, one third
of fathers who had ADHD in childhood, have children with ADHD. Studies also show that a
mother who smokes while pregnant, has a child who has ADHD, and that most children with
ADHD are left handed, and are highly intelligent.
A woman that was interviewed in a 1999 research study said that a child with ADHD is
like a ?devil child.? Gwendolyn Corley, a mother of four who has a son with ADHD said that her
son is like four children in one. Gwen?s son, Matthew has many problems, he is dyslexic, and has
a major attitude. He also has no patients at all, so Gwen says. She said her son can never sit still,
his hands must also always be moving, and everything is done in a rush. Gwen told the reporter
of an incident in the summer, her son took apart the lawnmower, because he was bored, and put it
back together, with parts to spare, and the mower still ran. She also stated that he was cleaning
out his fish tank, and ended up dropping it on his leg, he had to be rushed to the hospital for
stitches, because he was in a rush and didn?t pay attention to what he was doing and was very
negligent. Gwen told us that her son has just recently finished probation for an incident she rather
not talk about and that he is no longer allowed to attend public school, he goes to an alternative
school and is currently on Ritalin to try to help his behavior. Gwen said that she believes there is
no hope for her son.
?ADHD, a disorder beginning in childhood characterized by a persistent inability to sit
still, focus attention on specific tasks, and control impulses,? contributed by Michael Woods, to
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. ADHD is one of the most common childhood mental illness, it
is very hard to diagnose and is very frustrating for an ADHD parent. ADHD is usually controlled
by Ritalin, a mild nervous system stimulant. Due to the fact that there is no true way to determine
ADHD, it is often a misdiagnosis of a child acting like a child.
?ADD,? What causes ADD?, 1997, Netscape Navigator 22 November
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?ADD/ADHD,? Diagnosing ADHD/ADD in Children 1999, Netscape Nvigator
22 November 1999.
<http://go.drkoop.com/wellness/mental_health/attention_deficit_disorde
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?ADHD Medications,? Are Medicines OK for My Child? 1998, Netscape
Navigator 22 November 1999,
<http://home.healthcenter.com/english/brain/adhd/medicate.htm>.
Corley, Gwendolyn, interview, December 9,1999
Flick, Grad L. Ph.D ADD/ADHD Behavior-Change Resource Kit West
Nyack, New York: 1998
Glodstein, Sam and Michael, Managing Attention Disorders in Children.
Canada: 1990 John Wiley and Sons Inc.