Marx`s Labour Essay, Research Paper
Description: This paper discusses Marx’s argument on "estranged labour."
This is a rather microcosmic topic but it is important because estranged labour
is the basis for all of Marx’s writing, most importantly, ‘The Communist
Manifesto.’ Revealing Marx In Karl Marx’s early writing on "estranged
labour" there is a clear and prevailing focus on the plight of the labourer.
Marx’s writing on estranged labour is and attempt to draw a stark distinction
between property owners and workers. In the writing Marx argues that the worker
becomes estranged from his labour because he is not the recipient of the product
he creates. As a result labour is objectified, that is labour becomes the object
of mans existence. As labour is objectified man becomes disillusioned and
enslaved. Marx argues that man becomes to be viewed as a commodity worth only
the labour he creates and man is further reduced to a subsisting animal void of
any capacity of freedom except the will to labour. For Marx this all leads to
the emergence of private property, the enemy of the proletariat. In fact Marx’s
writing on estranged labour is a repudiation of private property- a warning of
how private property enslaves the worker. This writing on estranged labour is an
obvious point of basis for Marx’s Communist Manifesto. The purpose of this paper
is to view Marx’s concept of alienation (estranged labour) and how it limits
freedom. For Marx man’s freedom is relinquished or in fact wrested from his true
nature once he becomes a labourer. This process is thoroughly explained
throughout Estranged Labour. This study will reveal this process and argue it’s
validity. Appendant to this study on alienation there will be a micro-study
which will attempt to ascertain Marx’s view of freedom (i.e. positive or
negative). The study on alienation in conjunction with the micro-study on Marx’s
view of freedom will help not only reveal why Marx feels labour limits mans
freedom, but it will also identify exactly what kind of freedom is being
limited. Estranged Labour Karl Marx identifies estranged labour as labour alien
to man. Marx explains the condition of estranged labour as the result of man
participating in an institution alien to his nature. It is my interpretation
that man is alienated from his labour because he is not the reaper of what he
sows. Because he is never the recipient of his efforts the labourer lacks
identity with what he creates. For Marx then labour is "alien to the
worker…[and]…does not belong to his essential being." Marx identifies
two explanations of why mans lack of identity with labour leads him to be
estranged from labour. (1) "[The labourer] does not develop freely his
physical and mental energy, but instead mortifies his mind." In other words
labour fails to nurture mans physical and mental capacities and instead drains
them. Because the worker is denied any nurturing in his work no intimacy between
the worker and his work develops. Lacking an intimate relation with what he
creates man is summarily estranged from his labour. (2) Labour estranges man
from himself. Marx argues that the labour the worker produces does not belong to
him, but to someone else. Given this condition the labourer belongs to someone
else and is therefore enslaved. As a result of being enslaved the worker is
reduced to a "subsisting animal", a condition alien to him. As an end
result man is estranged from himself and is entirely mortified. Marx points to
these to situations as the reason man is essentially estranged from his labour.
The incongruency between the world of things the worker creates and the world
the worker lives in is the estrangement. Marx argues that the worker first
realizes he is estranged from his labour when it is apparent he cannot attain
what he appropriates. As a result of this realization the objectification of
labour occurs. For the worker the labour becomes an object, something shapeless
and unidentifiable. Because labour is objectified, the labourer begins to
identify the product of labour as labour. In other words all the worker can
identify as a product of his labour, given the condition of what he produces as
a shapeless, unidentifiable object, is labour. The worker is then left with only
labour as the end product of his efforts. The emerging condition is that he
works to create more work. For Marx the monotonous redundancy of this condition
is highly detrimental because the worker loses himself in his efforts. He argues
that this situation is analogous to a man and his religion. Marx writes,
"The more man puts into God the less he retains in himself….The worker
puts his life into the object, but now his life no longer belongs to him but to
the object." The result of the worker belonging to the object is that he is
enslaved. The worker belongs to something else and his actions are dictated by
that thing. For Marx, labour turns man into a means. Workers become nothing more
than the capital necessary to produce a product. Labour for Marx reduces man to
a means of production. As a means of production man is diminished to a
subsisting enslaved creature void of his true nature. In this condition he is
reduced to the most detrimental state of man: one in which he is estranged from
himself. To help expand on this theme it is useful to look at Marx’s allegory of
man’s life-activity. Life-activity and the Nature of Man Of the variety of
reasons Marx argues man is estranged from his labour, probably the most
significant is his belief that labour estranges man from himself. Marx argues
that the labour the worker produces does not belong to the worker so in essence
the worker does not belong to the worker. By virtue of this condition Marx
argues the worker is enslaved. Enslavement for Marx is a condition alien to man
and he becomes estranged from himself. For Marx, man estranged from himself is
stripped of his very nature. Not only because he is enslaved but because his
life-activity has been displaced. For Marx mans character is free, conscious
activity, and mans pursuit of his character is his life-activity. Mans
life-activity is then the object of his life. So by nature, mans own life is the
object of his existence. This is mans condition before labour. After labour mans
life-activity, that is, his free conscious, activity, or his very nature, is
displaced. In a pre-labour condition mans life was the object of his condition;
in a labour condition man exists to labour and his life-activity is reduced to a
means of his existence so he can labour. In effect labour necessitates itself in
man by supplanting mans true nature with an artificial one that re-prioritizes
mans goals. Man’s goal then is not to pursue his life but to labour. He becomes
linked to his labour and is viewed in no other way. Man is reduced to chattel, a
commodity, the private property of another individual. Conclusion For Marx
labour limits the freedom of man. Labour becomes the object of man’s existence
and he therefore becomes enslaved by it. In considering the validity of Marx’s
argument I feel Marx is correct that man’s freedom is limited by the fact that
he is a labourer. But in opposition to Marx I believe that man’s freedom is no
more limited as a labourer than as a farmer. Agrarian worker or labourer man’s
freedom is limited. Whether he is identified by the product he creates in a
factory or in a wheat field in either case he is tied to his work and is not
viewed beyond it. In either instance the product is objectified because in
either instance the worker works only to create more work. Just as the labourer
must continue to work without end to subsist, so must the agrarian worker. The
implication then is that alienation is not the culprit that limits mans freedom,
it is work itself. Do not mistake this as an advocation for laziness. Instead
consider the implications of not working. If one did not work at all he or she
would live a life of poverty and would be far less free than if he did work.
Working, either as a labourer or a farmer, offers greater financial means and
with greater financial means comes greater freedom. This point of the argument
stands up of course only if you believe money can by freedom. I argue it can.
Surely my freedom to buy something is limited if I do not have the financial
means. On the other hand if I have greater financial means I have more freedom
to buy things. So although labour limits freedom to the extent that the worker
becomes tied to his work, labour also offers a far greater freedom than that of
indigence. Labouring is no less acceptable than agrarian work because the
implications of partaking in either are uniform to both and alienation holds no
relevancy. Appendage 1. Marx on Freedom Marx’s view of freedom would seem a
rather broad topic, and I’m sure it is. For our purposes it is convenient to
have just an idea of what type of freedom Marx favors. For the sake of ease the
scope of this study will be limited to two (2) classifications of freedom:
prescribed (positive) freedom and negative liberties. Prescribed freedom would
be guided freedoms, or freedoms to do certain things. Negative liberties would
be freedom to do all but what is forbidden. In Marx’s writing On The Jewish
Question he identifies (but does not necessarily advocates) liberty as
"…the right to do everything which does not harm others." In further
argument Marx’s states that "liberty as a right of man is not founded upon
the relationship between man and man; but rather upon the separation of man from
man." By this definition liberty is negative liberty, and for Marx it is
monistic and solitary. Marx then argues that private property is the practical
application of this negative liberty. He states "…[private] property
is…the right to enjoy ones fortune and dispose of it as one will; without
regard for other men and independently of society." Private property for
Marx is the mechanism by which man can be separate from other men and pursue his
(negative) liberty. Marx’s writings on estranged labour and in The Communist
Manifesto are a clear repudiation of private property. What can be deduced then
is that Marx does not favor negative liberties. Negative liberties require
private property to exist and private property is for Marx the enslaver of the
proletariat. Negative freedom eliminated from the discussion we are left with
Positive or prescribed freedoms. Positive freedom, as was identified above, is
the freedom to pursue specified options. That is, freedom to do certain things.
Man is not necessarily given a choice of what these options are, he is simply
free to pursue them whatever they may be. Posistive freedoms then are the
freedoms Marx likley wishes to uphold by denouncing estarnged labour.
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1Marx, Karl, The Early Marx, (reserve packet) 2Marx, Karl and Engles,
Freidrich, The Communist Manifesto, London, England, 1888