2.2 Омонимы в художественных текстах
Как правило, в художественном тексте мы не обращаем внимания на омонимичные слова, если общий смысл предложения нам ясен. Однако, если перевод нам не известен или неясен, то омонимы могут затруднить понимание, особенно, если восприятие происходит на слух.
bed – bad – bat
bed (noun) – (a piece of furniture that a person sleep on) He came into the room to shut the windows while we were still in bed and I saw he looked ill. ( «A day’s wait» by Ernest Hemingway)
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bad (adj) – (not pleasant or enjoyable) The weather was really bad – it rained all week. (Macmillan dictionary)
bat (noun) – It is a small animal that flies at night and looks like a mouse with large wings. (Macmillan dictionary)
knew – new
knew (verb) – (the past tense of know) When I put my hand on his forehead I knew he had a fever. . ( «A day’s wait» by Ernest Hemingway)
new (adj) – (recently created, built or invented) They are going to build a new office block here. (Macmillan dictionary)
bare – bear
bare (adj) – (not covered by any clothes) It was a bright, cold day, the ground covered with a sleet that had frozen so that it seemed as if all the bare trees, the bushes, the cut brush and all the grass and the bare ground had been varnished with ice. . ( «A day’s wait» by Ernest Hemingway)
bear (noun) – A bear is a large wild animal with thick fur. (Macmillan dictionary)
die – dye
die (verb) – (to stop being alive) About what time do u think I’m going to die? ( «A day’s wait» by Ernest Hemingway)
dye (verb) – To dye hair, for example, means to change the colour. (Macmillan dictionary)
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wore – were
wore (verb) – (the past tense of wear) He wore overalls and a torn shirt and was barefoot. ( «A mother in Mannville» by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings)
were (verb) – (the past tense of be) We were ready to go. (Macmillan dictionary)
wood – would
wood (noun) – (the substance that forms the main part of a tree and is used for making things such as furniture) I have been chopping wood at the orphanage a long time. ( «A mother in Mannville» by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings)
would (modal verb) – Would you like a cup of coffee? (Macmillan dictionary)
hour – our
hour (noun) – (a period of time that consists of 60 minutes) I suppose an hour and a half passed before I heard the boy’s steps on the cabin stoop. ( «A mother in Mannville» by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings)
our (determiner) – Today is a day we’ll remember for the rest of our lives. (Macmillan dictionary)
blue – blue
blue (adj) – (the same colour as the sky on a clear sunny day) His hair was the colour of the corn shocks; and his eyes, very direct, were like the mountain sky when rain is pending – gray, with a shadowing for that miraculous blue. ( «A mother in Mannville» by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings)
blue (noun) – The boy was dressed all in blue. (Macmillan dictionary)
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four – for – fore
four (number) – His name was Jerry; he had been at the orphanage since he was four. ( «A mother in Mannville» by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings)
for (preposition) – «Thank you» was, perhaps, an expression for which he had had no use, for his courtesy was instinctive. (Macmillan dictionary)
fore (noun) – The issue of taxation has once again come to the fore. (Macmillan dictionary)
weather – whether
weather (noun) – (the conditions that exist in the atmosphere relating to temperature) There of his own record, he put the wood, so that I might always have dry fire material ready in case of sudden wet weather. ( «A mother in Mannville» by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings)
whether (conjunction) – (used when someone does not know which of two possibilities is true) She doesn’t even know whether her daughter is dead or alive. (Macmillan dictionary)
which – witch
which (function word) - (used for asking for a specific choice from a limited number of possibilities) «Thank you» was, perhaps, an expression for which he had had no use, for his courtesy was instinctive. ( «A mother in Mannville» by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings)
witch (noun) – Witch is a woman in stories who has magic powers. In some other case it is an insulting word for an unpleasant woman. (Macmillan dictionary)
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night – knight - knight
night (noun) – (the part of each 24-hour period when it is dark) But that night he came in the darkness and knocked at the door. ( «A mother in Mannville» by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings)
knight (noun) – In the past, a European soldier from a high social class who wore a suit of armour. (Macmillan dictionary)
knight (verb) – If someone is knighted in the UK, they are given the status of a knight by a king or queen. (Macmillan dictionary)
hear − here
hear (verb) – (to realize that someone or something is making a sound) I want to hear about how you managed with the dog? ( «A mother in Mannville» by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings)
here (function word) – Here, have a drink of water. (Macmillan dictionary)
seen – scene
seen (verb) – (the past tense of see) «Have you seen her, Jerry – lately?» - I asked. ( «A mother in Mannville» by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings)
scene (noun) – (A part of a play, book, film etc in which events happen in the same place or period of time) We have to shoot this scene today. (Macmillan dictionary)
key – key – key
key (noun) – (a small piece of metal used for opening the door) Late in the day I stopped by the orphanage and left the cabin key with Miss Clark. ( «A mother in Mannville» by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings)
key (adj) – (very important) This economic model has the following key features. (Macmillan dictionary)
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key (verb) - (to put information into a computer) The data will need to be keyed immediately.
leave – live
leave (verb) – (to go away from a place) «Maybe you’d be good enough to take a few things out of your pocket and leave them here before you go», Sam Carr said. (All the years of her life» by Morley Callaghan)
live (verb) – (to have your home in a particular place) South London is a nice place to live. (Macmillan dictionary)
hair - hare
hair (noun) – (the thing that grows on a head in a mass of thin fibres) Mrs. Higgins must have been going to bed when he telephoned, for her hair was tucked in loosely under her hat and her hand at her throat held her light coat tightly across her chest so her dress would not show. (All the years of her life» by Morley Callaghan)
hare (noun) – an animal similar to a rabbit but with a bigger body and longer ears and legs, that can run very fast (Macmillan dictionary)
hare (verb) – to go somewhere very quickly (Macmillan dictionary)
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Заключение
Иногда языки стараются избавиться от омонимов. Например, вытеснение одного из омонимов синонимом или дублетом. Т.е. замена слова бор словом лес, или брак словом супружество. Так же и дублеты: потухать вместо тухнуть, пятёрка вместо пять…etc.
Реформацкий говорит, что в ликвидации недоразумений, могущих возникать благодаря омонимам, прежде всего помогает контекст, и чем отдалённее тематически омонимы, тем менее они опасны в отношении двусмысленности и недопонимания речи.
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Использованная литература
1. Иванченко Н.Я. Generations: English Reader for upperintermediate and advanced students: учебное пособие по английскому языку. − Иркутск: изд−во «Облмашинформ», 2007 − 288 с.
2. Иванченко Н.Я. Generations: English Reader for upperintermediate and advanced students: учебное пособие по английскому языку. − Иркутск: изд−во «Облмашинформ», 2007 − 288 с.
3. Маслов Ю.С., Введение в языкознание: Учеб. Для филол. спец. вузов. − 3−е изд.,испр. − М.: Высш. шк., 1998. − 272 с.: ил.
4. Рассказы «A day’s wait» by Ernest Hemingway; «A mother in Mannville» by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings; «All the years of her life» by Morley Callaghan
5. Реформатский А.А., Введение в языковедение/под редакцией В.А.Виноградова. − М.: Аспект Пресс, 1996. − 536 с.
6. http://ru.wikipedia.org
Macmillan English Dictionary for advanced learners. International student edition.
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