All is clear. Все ясно.
Когда местоимение all употребляется в значении все, глагол ставится во множественном числе:
All were of the same opinion. Все были одного мнения.
Question (вопрос)
Is there, are there, was there, were there, will there be
There’s a train at 10.30
There are 24 hours in a day.
There was a good film on TV yesterday.
There were 250 rooms.
There will be a lot of people at the party.
Обратите внимание на местоимения some и any в разных значениях:
1. Is there any wine in the bottle?
There's some rice in the jar. There's some milk in the bottle. There's some sugar in the jar. There's some oil the bottle. There's some water in the jug. There's some wine in the bottle.
There are some apples on the table. There are some eggs on the table. There are some oranges on the table. There are some bananas on the table. There are some lemons on the table. There are some onions on the table.
Exercise
There isn't any butter. There isn't any cheese. There isn't any beer. There aren't any tomatoes. There aren't any mushrooms. There aren't any eggs. The fridge is empty!
Is there any cheese in the fridge? - Yes, there is. is there any butter in the fridge? - No, there isn't. Are there any eggs in the fridge? - Yes, there are. Are there any tomatoes in the fridge? - No, there aren't.
A: There's some butter in the freezer.
B: How much is there?
A: There's a lot ([lot] - много).
Speech etiquette Address. Обращение.
' Sir! - Гражданин, господин, сэр. При обращении к мужчине, старшему по
возрасту, званию, должности. Но, как правило, женщины эту форму
обращения не употребляют.
Madam - является подчеркнуто уважительной формой обращения к женщине старшего возраста, высокого служебного или социального положения.
Miss - возможная форма обращения к девушке, молодой женщине. Со словом Miss обращаются покупатели к продавщицам, посетители кафе и ресторанов к официанткам.
* Friend! - Друг! - Фамильярная форма обращения.
* Обращение к родственникам:
Grandmother, grandma! - Бабушка! Grandfather, grandpa! - Дедушка! -
* Обращения пожилых людей к незнакомым молодым людям (просторечные, ласковые): Dear! Miss! -Дочка!;
Son! Sonny! Boy! - Сынок!
* К преподавателям/учителям в школах Британии обращаются:
Mr ( +фамилия или Sir} - к мужчине.
Miss (+ девичья фамилия, даже если она замужем) - к женщине.
Miss - традиция, сохранившаяся с времен королевы Виктории, когда работать в школе разрешалось только незамужним женщинам.
В США форма обращения к учителю та же, а к учительнице – в зависимости от семейного положения:
Mrs + фамилия по мужу. / Miss + фамилия.
В британских университетах: Professor + фамилия или просто Professor применяется в качестве обращения к тем, кто имеет соответствующее ученое звание, заведует кафедрой или возглавляет направление в науке. К остальным же преподавателям студенты обращаются:
Mr + фамилия, Miss + фамилия, или по его/ ее желанию по имени: John,
Margaret.
В США Professor может служить обращением к преподавателю любого
ранга в университете, колледже и т. д.
* Слово colleague достаточно редко употребляется в качестве обращения, чаще в разговоре при ссылке на чье-либо мнение, точку зрения.
* Обращение к аудитории:
Friends! -Друзья!
Ladies and gentlemen! - Коллеги! (Леди и джентльмены); Дамы и господа!
* Обращение к знакомому:
Маргарита Margaret
Эдуард Edward
Елизавета, Лиза, Лизочка и др. Elizabeth: Lisa, Elsie, Libby, Beth, Bet, Betty, Bess etc.
Тема 3
Articles (Артикли)
Is it a man? ( Any man)
Is it the man with a moustache. ( A particular man)
В английском языке имеется два артикля: a, the.
Неопределенный артикль a имеет два варианта :
a – перед словами, начинающимися с согласной: a boy, a pen
an – перед словами, начинающимися с гласной (a/ e / i / o / u): an apple, an economist
Неопределенный артикль a/an не употребляется с сущуствительными во
множественном числе, а также с неисчисляемыми существительными
(milk, oil, music, money).
Употребляя существительное с неопределенным артиклем a/an, мы
называем предмет (вещь, живое существо) и представляем его как один из класса ему подобных.
This is a lamp.
Have you got a sister or a brother?
Определенный артикль the употребляется как с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном и множественном числе, так и с несичисляемыми существительными.
Существительные с определенным артиклем the обозначают конкретный предмет (предметы) т.е. данный предмет, вещество, явление рассматриваются как уже известные и говорящему, и слушающему.
Open the door , please.
Usually we do not say the + names of places:
France is a very large country.
But we say the + republic / states / kingdom:
Usually we do not say the + names of streets, squares etc..:
Kevin lives in Coronation Street.
We do not say the + name of place + airport / station / university / castle :
Munich Airport
Paddington Station
But we usually say the + names of hotels / restaurants / pubs / cinemas / theatres / museums:
We say the + names of oceans / seas / rivers / canals:
the Atlantic Ocean
The Nile
We say the + names with ... of ...:
the Republic of Ireland
the Tower of London
the north / south / east / west / middle of
I’ve been to the north of Italy but not to the south.
We say the + plural names of countries / islands / mountains:
the Netherlands
the Canary Islands
Упражнения на повторение:
1. Вставьте a/an или the.
1 I wrote to her but ..the.. letter never arrived.
2 Britain is ..an... island.
3 What is ........ name of this village?
4 Jane is ........ very nice person. You must meet her.
5 Montreal is ........ large city in Canada.
6 What is ........ largest city in Canada?
7 'What time is it?' 1 don't know. I haven't got ........ watch.'
8 When I went to Rome, I stayed with ........ Italian friend of mine.
9 You look very tired. You need ........ holiday.
10 Don't sit on ........ floor. It's very dirty.
11 'Let's go to ........ restaurant this evening.'
'That's ........ good idea. Which restaurant shall we go to?'
12 Can you turn on ........ radio, please? I want to listen to some music.
13 Tom is in ........ bathroom. He's having ........ bath.
14 This is a nice room, but I don't like ........ colour of........ carpet.
15 We live in ........ old house near ........ station. It's two miles from ........ centre.
2. Это географические вопросы. Выберите ответ из рамки. В некоторых случаях необходимо использовать 'The'.
Alps Amazon Atlantic Bahamas Cairo Kenya Red Sea Asia Andes Pacific Malta Rhine Switzerland Tokyo United States
1 ..Cairo....................... is the capital of Egypt.
2 ...The Atlantic........... is between Africa and America.
3 .................................. is a country in the middle of Europe.
4 .................................. is a river in South America.
5 .................................. is the largest continent in the world.
6 .................................. is the largest ocean.
7 .................................. is a river in Europe.
8 .................................. is between Canada and Mexico.
9 .................................. is in East Africa.
10 ................................ are mountains in South America.
11 ................................ is the capital of Japan.
12 ................................ is an island in the Mediterranean.
13 ................................ are mountains in central Europe.
14 ................................ is between Saudi Arabia and Africa.
15 ................................ are a group of islands near Florida.
3. Переведите на русский язык:
Come and look at this picture.
This isn’t a very good party.
These grapes are not very sweet.
This is my friend Paula.
(on the phone) This is Ann.
What is that on the wall?
He is ill. That’s why he’s away.
Stop that noise!
Thanks - that was a great dinner.
(on the phone) Who is that?
Do you remember those people we met in Scotland?
4. Поставьте предложения во множественное число:
This is a king. That is an egg.
This is a boy. That is a window.
This is a shilling. That is a prince.
This is a cup. That is a waiter.
This is a flower. That is a star.
This is a man. That is a n eye.
This is a train. That is a child.
This is an aeroplane. That is a picture.
5.Вставьте “this”, ”that”, ”these”, “those”.
Why are you living .... country?
Get me ... box from the table.
What was .... noise?
Come ... way, please.
Who are .... people over there?
Who said ...?
Isn’t .... girl nice?
I can’t write with ... pens.
How could she marry ... idiot!
6. Переведите на русский язык:
There are no grapes in the market.
There will be rain tonight.
There is snow on the mountains.
There are two men at the door.
Once upon a time there were three pigs.
There are many cars in the street.
7. Вставьте соответствующую форму ‘there is’ (‘there isn’t)
.... no water on the moon.
.... no TVs in the 15th century.
Once upon a time .... a beautiful princess.
Tomorrow ..... snow.
.... some soup, if you are hungry.
.... any potatoes?
.... an accident/ can I phone?
I am afraid ... time to see Grandmother.
.... many tigers in the jungle.
8. Вставьте “ there is” или “it is”:
... . a cat in your bedroom.
..... not easy to understand him.
..... cold tonight.
..... ice on the roads.
..... nice to see you.
..... somebody on the phone for you.
.... a problem with TV.
.... too late to go out.
.... a funny film on the video.
What’s that noise? - ... the wind.
Пословицы:
Было бы желание, а путь найдется.- Where there is a will, there is a way.
Нет дыма без огня. – There is no smoke without a fire.
Нет смысла плакать над разлитым молоком (Слезами горю не поможешь) – There is no use crying over spilt milk.
Тема 4
Present Simple Tense (Настоящее неопределенное время)
We use the present simple tense for things we do regularly, always, sometimes, every day, etc. ( выражает факты, универсальные факты, регулярно повторяющиеся действия, последовательность событий).
Positive (положительная форма)
I live in London.
You live in London.
They live in London.
He lives in London.
She Lives in London.
It lives in London too.
The question, short answer and negative are made with the present tense of the verbs ‘do’, “does” (вопрос, краткий ответ и отрицательное предложение образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола “do”, “does”).
Negative (отрицательная форма)
I do not live in Moscow.
We do not live in Moscow.
You do not live in Moscow.
They do not live in Moscow.
He does not live in Moscow.
She does not live in Moscow
It does not live in Moscow
Question (вопрос)
Where do I live?
Where do you live?
Where do we live?
Where do they live?
Where does he live? Where does she live? Where does it live?
Yes/No questions (вопрос с предположительным ответом “Yes” или “No”.
Do I live in Paris? Do we live in Paris? Do they live in Paris? Do you live in Paris?
Does he live in Paris? Does she live in Paris? Does it live in Paris?
Ansswers (Краткие ответы).
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Question words (вопросительные слова).
How do you travel to work? (как, каким образом)
How long does the journey take? ( как долго, сколько времени,)
How many people travel by bus? ( сколько)
How often does Joy see Janet? ( как часто)
What time do you have lunch? ( когда, во сколько)
When does Joy arrive? ( когда)
Разделительные вопросы:
Не is a businessman, isn't he? They are businessmen, aren't they?
You speak English, don't you? He speaks English, doesn't he? They spoke about it, didn't they?
I have done this work, haven't I? He'll do this work, won't he? He can do this work, can't he? He is going to do it, isn't he?