| a. read an interesting bookb. buy some clothesc. go skydiving for the first time |
A young person who is called a dork is probably
| a. good at sportsb. not good at relating to peoplec. clever at maths and science |
The kids call Mark a dweeb because he's
| a. clever but he doesn't say muchb. stupid and aggressivec. good-looking and smart |
When my kids say something is gnarly, it means they think it's
| a. extremely goodb. extremely badc. either of the above |
4. Translate the dialogue in Standard English
David: I thought this was supposed to be a big bash!
Bob: Oh, it will be. Stephanie said it`s gonna be huge. We`re just early, that`s all. So , what do ya think of her house?
David: This place`s really cool. Stephanie`s old man must be loaded. Hey, look! There`s that Donna chick. Man, can she strut her stuff! Don`t ya think she`s a turn on?
Bob: No way! Have you lost it? She may have a great bod, but as for her face , we`re talkin` butt ugly. Get real! Come on, let`s go scarf out on some chow before it`s gone.
David: What is this stuff?
Bob: Beats me. Looks like something beige. Just go for it.
David: Yuck! Make me heave! Hey, dude… this party`s a drag. I dunno about you, but I’m makin` a bee line for the door. I `m history!
IV. CONCLUSION
According to the British lexicographer, Eric Partridge (1894-1979), people use slang for any of at least 17 reasons:
1) In sheer high spirits, by the young in heart as well as by the young in years; 'just for the fun of the thing'; in playfulness or waggishness.
2) As an exercise either in wit and ingenuity or in humour. (The motive behind this is usually self-display or snobbishness, emulation or responsiveness, delight in virtuosity).
3) To be 'different', to be novel.
4) To be picturesque (either positively or - as in the wish to avoid insipidity - negatively).
5) To be unmistakably arresting, even startling.
6) To escape from clichés, or to be brief and concise. (Actuated by impatience with existing terms.)
7) To enrich the language. (This deliberateness is rare save among the well-educated, Cockneys forming the most notable exception; it is literary rather than spontaneous.)
8) To lend an air of solidity, concreteness, to the abstract; of earthiness to the idealistic; of immediacy and appositeness to the remote. (In the cultured the effort is usually premeditated, while in the uncultured it is almost always unconscious when it is not rather subconscious.)
9) To lesson the sting of, or on the other hand to give additional point to, a refusal, a rejection, a recantation;
10) To reduce, perhaps also to disperse, the solemnity, the pomposity, the excessive seriousness of a conversation (or of a piece of writing);
11) To soften the tragedy, to lighten or to 'prettify' the inevitability of death or madness, or to mask the ugliness or the pity of profound turpitude (e.g. treachery, ingratitude); and/or thus to enable the speaker or his auditor or both to endure, to 'carry on'.
12) To speak or write down to an inferior, or to amuse a superior public; or merely to be on a colloquial level with either one's audience or one's subject matter.
13) For ease of social intercourse. (Not to be confused or merged with the preceding.)
14) To induce either friendliness or intimacy of a deep or a durable kind.
15) To show that one belongs to a certain school, trade, or profession, artistic or intellectual set, or social class; in brief, to be 'in the swim' or to establish contact.
16) Hence, to show or prove that someone is not 'in the swim'.
17) To be secret - not understood by those around one. (Children, students, lovers, members of political secret societies, and criminals in or out of prison, innocent persons in prison, are the chief exponents.)
So to return to that question: what becomes of slang? Firstly, the general ‘flattening out’ of a hierarchical society and the relaxation of linguistic prejudices mean that slang may come to be seen not as something inherently substandard, but as an option among many available linguistic styles. At the same time there must always be a set of words and phrases which is beyond the reach of most speakers, that is always ‘deviant’, ‘transgressive’ and opaque. This slang must renew itself, not just in implied contrast with ‘standard’ Introduction language, but with earlier versions of itself. So new slang words will continue to sprout, to metamorphose, to wither and disappear or else to spread and fertilize the common ground of language.[26]This process may now be more visible and familiar, the crossover phenomenon may happen much faster (given the complicity of the media), and the shock value of the terms themselves may be lessened (the invention and use of slang does risk becoming locked into familiarity and cliché, like the tired gestures of rock, rap, conceptual art and fashion), but it is very unlikely ever to stop.
V. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка.: учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. языка.- 3-е издание, перераб и доп.- М.: Высшая школа, 1986.- 295с.
2. Голденков М.А. Осторожно! Hot Dog!:Современный активный английский.- ТОО "ЧеРо",1999-148с.
3. Каушанская Л.В. Грамматика английского языка.: Учебник для студ. пед.институтов.- 4-е издание.- Л.: Просвещение,1973.- 319с.
4. Раевская Н.М.. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка.: Для студентов факультетов романо-германской филологии университетов и педагогических институтов иностранных языков (на английском языке).-К.: Высшая школа,1976.- 383с.
5. Richard A. Spears, Ewart James, Ewart James NTC's Super-Mini British Slang Dictionary ,NTC Publishing Group
6. Eble, C. Slang and Sociability. London and Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
7.Dumas, Bethany K. and Jonathan Lighter. 1978. "Is Slang a Word for Linguists?" American Speech 53: 5-17.
8. Mattiello Elisa. The Pervasiveness of Slang in Standard and Non- Standard English.- Mots Palabras Words-6/2005.-41p.
9. Thorne Tony. Dictionary of Contemporary Slang.-third edition.; A.C.Black, London, 2007.-513p.
10. .Pavlova . N.V., Kuleshova Y.A.. Slang as a Part of the English Language.-English 2003 №32-p.5-10
11 Ayto John, The Oxford Dictionary of Slang.-Oxford University, Press.: 2000-415p.
12.Crystal D., The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language.-Cambridge University: Press. 1996-712p.
13. Baker B. // Adventures of Slangman.- Los Angeles Times, September 29, 2003
14. Thorne T. Slang, style-shifting and sociability.// Multicultural Perspectives on English Language and Literature -Tallinn/London 2004.
15. www. lexscripta.com/desktop/dictionaries/
16. www.ask.com/ questions-about/British-slang
17. www.rapidsteps.com/en/ru/blogs/tags/London
18. www.slanginsider.com
19. www.cockneyrhymingslang.co.uk.
20. www. coolquiz.com/trivia/Britain/britishisms
21. www. coolslang.com/british/
22. http:// odps.org/
23. www.arrse. co.uk/wiki/
24. www.urbandictionary.com.
25. www. English.language.ru/ slang/
26. elemeln.narod.ru/pages/langs/slang
27. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_slang
28. www.learnenglish.de/slang/moneyslang
29. english4fun.ru/slang
30. www.funeasyenglish.com.american_english_slang
31. www.peevich.co.uk/slang
32. www.londonslang.com
34. http:/English.globino.info/Slang
35. http:// duermueller.tripod.com/slang
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