Pronunciation and Spelling in English (стр. 5 из 10)
Borough, brought, tough, bough, thorough, ought, drought, dough, though, bought, sough, slough, pool, root, room, sooth, tootle, took, wooden, hooves, hook, foolhardy, footer, bootlegger, booklet.
3.Translate the following utterances and transcribe the words in bold type:
1. After that she divorced from her husband and left her work, she was in a slough.
2. The wound was fatal and there was no hope for his rescue.
TEST II
1. Transcribe the following words:
Nutritious, food, young, neighbour, childhood, fourteen hours, joyous
cousin, wooden house, took, roomy, would.
2.Sort out the words according to the reading of vowel digraphs:
Ooze, poor, floor, enough, choose, soul, book, southern, ounce, blood,
should, account, poultry, flood, too, could, mould, youth, rough,
trouble, mould, broach, bloom, tooth, tourist.
3.Translate the following utterances and transcribe the words in bold type:
1. The little girl very was very frightened, when she saw a slough of a snake on a stone.
2. A man was injured, he had a wound.
6. Reading of Unstressed Vowels
Vowels in unstressed syllables in disyllabic and polysyllabic words usually denote the neutral sound [ə] and short [ı].
1. The letters ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘y’ denote the sound [ı]: rocket, bandit, funny.
2. The letters ‘a’, ‘o’, ‘u’ denote the sound [ə]: Poland, bottom, cactus.
BUT -age [ı] (message), -ate [ə/ı] (delicate), -ible [ı/ə] (terrible).
3. The letter combinations ‘vowel + the letter ‘r” give the neutral [ə]: dollar, dinner, doctor, nature.
4. In the letter combination ‘vowel + vowel + consonant’ (-ial, -ion, -our, -ous etc.) we pronounce the neutral [ə]: initial, division, labour, generous.
5. In the letter combinations ‘vowel + consonant + consonant
(+ consonant/vowel)’ (-able, -ance, -ent etc.) we pronounce [ə]: capable, attendance, student.
6. In the letter combinations ‘consonant + vowel + consonant (+ vowel)’ we can pronounce:
a) the neutral [ə]: freedom;
b) the neutral [ə] or short [ı]: careless;
c) the neutral [ə] or short [υ]: awful.
7. The letters ‘o’ and ‘u’ in an open syllable and after a stressed syllable have their primary long meanings: sambo [əυ], costume [ju:].
8. An unstressed vowel is not pronounced, as a rule, in the following cases:
a) e+ l\n (at the end of a word): seven [\sevn];
b) i+l (at the end of a word): pupil [\pju:pl];
c) o+n (at the end of a word): lesson [\lesn]
Ex. 6.1 Read the riddles. Try to guess the right answer. Transcribe the underlined words, explain the rules.
1) A man looks at the photo and says: “Brothers and sisters I have none, but this man’s father is my father’s son.” What relation is the man in the photograph to the man who is looking at it?
2) There is a question to which you never answer “yes”. What question is it?
3) What is it that looks like a ball,
But stands still and does not fall
off its thin and graceful leg?
Children like to turn it round,
Lakes and rivers are there found.
Countries, states and their towns
You can see on it all round.
Ex. 6.2 (
, track 6)a) Listen to the poem. Circle the words which rhyme.
Mr. Porter loves his pasta.
No one else can eat it faster.
Mr. Porter’s sister Rita,
Buys the pasta by the metre.
Mr. Porter’s older daughter,
Boils it all in tubs of water.
b)Learn the rhyme.
The Time-table of Lazy-bones Grundy
Lazy-bones Grundy
Must do sums for Monday.
“And today it is Thursday”,
Says lazy-bones Grundy,
“So I’ll do it on Wednesday,
If not – then on Thursday,
Or even on Friday”,
Says lazy-bones Grundy.
Not very soon comes Friday
And Saturday comes,
But lazy-bones Grundy
Has no time for sums.
“Never mind”, says Grundy,
“I’ll do it on Sunday.”
So this time-table
Of lazy-bones Grundy.
Ex. 6.3 Transcribe the following words and divide them into three columns: [ju:], [əυ], [ə]
Tribune, monotony, statue, samba, cactus, attribute, customs, gratitude, ambulance, monogram, common, also, tempo, recognize.
Ex. 6.4 Pay attention to the full quality of the unstressed vowels and explain the rule:
a) mambo, canto, tempo, dingo, banjo, fresco, motto, tango, salvo, stucco, Plato, photo, solo, memo, credo, veto, Pluto, silo;
b) commune, costume, capsule, formula, circular, occupant.
Ex. 6.5
a) Listen. In each sentence or phrase there are two vowels which are not [ə]. Circle them (
, track 7)Example: an apple and a banana
1. from Canada to China
2. The parrot was asleep.
3. The cinema was open.
4. the photographer’s assistant
5. a question and an answer
6. a woman and her husband
7. a pasta salad
b) Write the words in the correct part of the table. Then listen and check (
, track 8) | Orange woman return collect market begin visit asleep Salad teaches needed letter sofa peaches quarter women |
| Vowel in weak syllable = [ə] | Vowel in weak syllable = [І] |
| woman | orange |
Ex. 6.6 Compare the reading of the vowels in stressed and unstressed position. Read the following words:
| land – Hollandland – Polandland – Iceland | Man – FrenchmanMan – DutchmanMan – Scotchman | Us – cactusBus – campusTom – bottom Sum – possumRack – barrackLot – ballotBad – balladMock – hammockLock – hillock |
Ex. 6.7 Pronounce the following words and comment on the reading of unstressed vowels:
Error, terror, horror, chirrup, barrack, mirror;
Ballot, gallop, cactus, census;
Grammar, beggar, collar, cellar, dollar, poplar;
Volga, delta, extra, villa, Sylva, Edna, character, manager;
Baggage, bandage, courage, garbage, message, accurate, adequate, affectionate, approximate, delicate;
Amber, banner, summer, supper, dinner, number, member, butter, pepper, shelter, winter;
Academy, generous, achievement, ailment, golden, deepen, different, patience, fluency, bravery;
Positive, possible, ineligible, invisibility;
Doctor, proctor, tractor, factor, actor.
Ex. 6.8 Read the following words. Note that they have complete vowel reduction.
Britain, curtain, separate, metal, medal;
Interest, model, parcel, travel;
Medicine, professional, revolutionary.
Ex. 6.9 Find the words in which unstressed vowels are not reduced:
1. government, assurance, terrible, crock ware
2. translation, improvable, partial, monotonous
3. meaningless, soluble, wisdom, trainer
4. monkey, canvas, carpet, dismount
Ex. 6.10 Listen and circle the word you hear (
, track 9)1. Woman or women? What time did the woman\women arrive?
2. Dress or address? Where’s Kate’s dress\address?
3. Manager’s or manages? The team manager’s\manages well.
4. Teacher’s or teaches? The German teaches\teacher’s English.
5. Weight’s or waiter’s? The weight’s\waiter’s heavy.
6. Dancer’s or dances? The woman dancer’s\dances fast.
7. Officer’s or office’s? The officer’s\office’s here.
8. Away or way? Take that away\way.
9. Drive or driver? What a nice driver\drive!
10. Racer’s or races? The racer’s\races finished.
Ex. 6.11 Read the following words and pay attention to the reading of unstressed vowels:
Dizzy, remedial, examination, painful, remedy, extract, fever, giddy, recovery, malady, giddiness, harmful, injury, illness, injection, inflammation capable, record, competitor, chessman, curable, handicap, amateur, sensible, garment, recovery, expert, stressful, careless, judgement, remedy, doctor, patient, medical, inflammation, to operate, ambulance, ointment, prescription, painful, treatment, cancer, ailment.
Ex. 6.12 Write down the unstressed vowels, which the following words have:
clumsy, ointment, stressful, complication, dormitory, treatment, sickness, vitality, surgery, conscious, deficiency, condition, shivery, breathless, ailment, cavity, therapy, bandage, appointment, funny, rocket, nature, dollar, bottom, Poland, costume, samba, attendance, capable, student, message, delicate, freedom, awful, careless.
Ex. 6.13 Choose the words, in which the unstressed vowel is not reduced and has its primary alphabetical meaning. Explain the rule:
Stamina, contest, participant, costume, sedentary, snooker, polo, badminton, racket, victory, samba, hockey.
Ex. 6.14 Extract the words with unstressed vowels and group them according to the sound, which they denote:
Stress is a disease of the twentieth century. Life has never been faster and jobs have never been more stressful than they are today. People have to perform more and more work under difficult and more stressful conditions. Many people suffer from stress and the illness it can cause. But as this situation is becoming recognized, people shouldn’t have to fear comments such as, “He’s had a nervous breakdown. Can’t take the pressure, you know.” This is because more people are recognizing that stress is a natural reaction – it is a reaction of a person’s body to pressure, either from the outside world or from the inner world of emotions and physical organs. We can’t avoid stress. And we can’t help ourselves, or others, until we know more about it. Not all stress is bad and perhaps if we understand it better we could make the most of it.
Ex. 6.15 Find the superfluous word in each group (unstressed vowels):
[ɔ:] – ׀football, ׀terror, ׀record;
[I] – ׀phoneme, ׀profit, ׀fifties;
[æ] – can׀teen, fan׀tastic, sex׀tet;
[e] – sen׀sation, ׀congress, ׀drawback;
[i:] – re׀set, re׀group, e׀lusive.
Ex. 6.16 Transcribe the following words and explain why the unstressed vowel is reduced or not:
| ba׀nana׀profitpre׀vented׀tribunema׀chine׀ticket׀statue | po׀litical׀lovely׀dangerous׀movement׀horrible׀echo׀giddy |
Ex. 6.17 Read the limerick and underline the words with [ə], [I]:
There once was a student named Bessor
Whose knowledge grew lesser and lesser
It at last grew so small,
He knew nothing at all,
And today he’s a college professor.
Ex. 6.18 Read these twisters and underline the words with [ə], [I]:
The hammer man hammers the hammer on the hard highroad.
Little lady Lilly lost her lovely locket. Lucky little Lucy found the lovely locket. Lovely little locket lay in Lucy’s pocket. Lazy little Lucy lost the lovely locket!
Ex. 6.19 Read the proverbs, explain the reading of the unstressed vowels:
1. Appearances are deceitful.
2. Honesty is the best policy.
3. Better late than never.
4. Love is a malady without cure.
5. Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
6. Don’t make a mountain out of a molehill.
7. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
8. Accident will happen.
9. Desperate disease must have desperate remedies.
10. Prevention is better than cure.
11. A merry heart is a good medicine.
12. Caution is the parent of cure.
13. To be a cut throat competition.
TEST
Ex. 1 Distribute the words into four groups (one and the same word can be in different groups) according to the reading of unstressed vowels:
| [ə] | [I] | [ə/I] | primary alph. meaning |
Radio, message, kingdom, hopeless, gratitude, cellar, belong, changeable, divide, downy, also, prepare, deliberate, attribute, deliver, courage, teacher, countable, probable, tempo.
Ex. 2 Find the words with unstressed vowels and explain their reading:
1. Look before you leap.
2. Hasty climbers have sudden falls.
3. If you run after two hares, you’ll catch neither.
4. It’s not cricket.
5. Study sickness, while you are well.
6. Health isn’t valued, till sickness come.
Ex. 3 Transcribe the words:
Samba, gymnastics, glider, contest, spectator, vicious, medical, polo, bicycle, judo, discuss, stamina, marathon, achievement, disqualification.
| Letter | Meaning(s) | Examples | |
| Bb | [b] | Boy, baby | |
| Cc | [s] – before e, i, y[k][∫] – before unstressed vowels | City, cycleCome , catSocial, musician, delicious, special | |
| Dd | [d] – after vowels & voiced consonants in endings[t] – after voiceless consonants in endings | Played, rainedStopped, watched | |
| Ff | [f][v] | Fine, filmof | |
| Gg | [dʒ] – before e, i, y[g] [ʒ] – in words of French origin | Gym, gentle, angelGame !!!girl,get,giveGarage, rouge, beige | |
| Hh | [h] | Hello, hamster | |
| Jj | [dʒ] | Jane, joy | |
| Kk | [k] | Kettle, kitchen | |
| Ll | [l] | Lemon, little | |
| Mm | [m] | Money, mirror | |
| Nn | [n] | Nose, novel | |
| Pp | [p] | Pepper, pick | |
| [k] – at the end of words[kw] | Unique, techniqueQuarrel, quality | ||
| Rr | [r] | Right, reality | |
| Ss | [s] – at the beginning of words, after voiceless consonants in endings[z] – after vowels & voiced consonants at the end of a word; between two vowels[∫] [ʒ] | Son, stops, capsMends, loses, advertise, presentimpression, sugar Measure, pleasure, | |
| Tt | [t][t∫]– in words ending in -ure[∫]–when followed by a letter i in many suffixed words | Take, waterNature, future, Nation, education, initial, ambition | |
| Vv | [v] | Van, cover | |
| Ww | [w] | Wood, wet | |
| Xx | [ks][k∫]\[gz][gʒ] – before a stressed vowel | Box, fox, mixtureLuxury\ luxuriousLuxury | |
| Zz | [z] | Zero, zebra | |
READING OF “c, g, j”