Beware Of The Media Essay, Research Paper
Beware of the Media
Through out the history of the United States of America, the Constitution has constantly been put challenged and tried. The first amendment guarantees freedom of speech and the press. The great founders of this incredible country originally created the first amendment to enable colonists to defy the British and create a new standard of living. The press in the 17th century was generally accurate and informative with little competition among journalists. However, today in the 21st century, the media has evolved into a mass of . Due to incredibly high amount of competition among journalists today, the information is usually exaggerated and slanderous in order to capture a viewing audience.
The media is everywhere you turn. You can find the media in various forms such as television, radio, magazines, newspapers, and now on the information superhighway. In the process of capturing ratings, who is the media hurting more? Is it people who are accused of a crime, such as O.J. Simpson, or is it the American public s stupidity for believing everything they hear? Limitations greatly need to placed upon the first amendment of the U.S. Constitution in regard to freedom of the press because presently the media is doing more harm than good.
The job of the media is to find the truth and tell it to the people. The media has the power to inform the public, but often the information they receive is distorted. The media has shaped our view of society and the process by which we choose our leaders, make our rules, and construct our values. The media has the power, although indirectly, to encourage people to like or hate the government. The media promotes what it believes is easiest for the public to accept, but in the process it fails to cover the issues adequately. The media can make us wiser, fuller, sure and sweeter than we are. (Orr 61) But, the media can also cloud the public s judgments, and cause confusion and disillusionment as well.
From Churchill to Hitler to the former Soviet Union, it is quite clear that radio, television and newspapers have the power to change and make history. A clear example of the power of the media was when Orson Welles made his famous radio broadcast about witnessing the landing of a spaceship full of hostile Martians. America saw that the power of the media can appeal to the public easily and cause mass hysteria (Williams 25).
Noam Chomsky, an established political thinker and magazine editor, stated in an interview in 1990:
If you follow mainstream media with great care and skepticism and approach it with the right understanding of how propaganda works, then you can learn a lot. The normal reader is fooled in to believing the propaganda that they are being fed. The media shapes and selects the events and offer their biased opinions to the mass audiences. The media modifies information to fill what they believe the public s interest is. (Szykowny 9)
The media feels that they should act as a watchdog . This causes many of the ethical problems among the media because they assume the responsibility of keeping a check on the government, by acting as governmental critics, governmental experts, etc. The media digs, probes, and snoops in governmental affairs which eventually leads the media to speculate and create rumors while they are trying to expose corruption. This watchdog attitude of the media creates the idea that the government is evil and must constantly be checked. But, according to Lisa Orr, Nobody checks the checker (63).
John Silber, a critic of the media in 1988 said:
The reporter s work should be like a pane of glass, flawlessly clear and unspotted, through which the reader might view the important events of the day. Today, the practice of personal journalism in news reporting has persistently sacrificed objectivity for entertainment and the personal gratification- and presumably the greater popularity of the reporter. The pane of glass is dirtied and distorted. Too often we see and read, not what happened or what was said, but the personal views of the fourth estate. (Orr 66)
The attempt to regulate the media came when the Fairness Doctrine was established in 1934. This doctrine was instituted to ensure that publicly owned television and radio stations would not be biased and would promote their own views. The Federal Communications Council (FCC) was established to enforce the doctrine. In 1987 under the Reagan Administration, the Fairness Doctrine was revoked. The role of the FCC changed, therefore evolving to monitor the decency of materials presented on the radio and television (Orr 77). With the abolishment of the Fairness Doctrine, the window for controversial journalists was opened. Thus, America saw the emergence of two strong willed personalities- Rush Limbaugh and Howard Stern.
The audience of Rush Limbaugh has grown considerably the over the last five years. Radio stations carrying the Limbaugh Show have increased. In restaurants, there are areas called The Rush Room where you can eat and listen to him on the radio. Limbaugh speaks his mind as he constantly puts down democrats, liberals, and anything or anyone who does not share his views. At times the information Limbaugh provides is inaccurate. For example on June 27, 1993 Limbaugh played a tape from June 21, 1993 in which Secretary Lloyd Benson stated that the new Clinton budget plan would bring the stock market down. A proud Limbaugh failed to recognize that on June 27, 1993 the Stock Market, Dow Jones, and NASDAQ index had risen since June 21, 1993 (Shenk 9). Due to the increase in Limbaugh s popularity, he now has both a radio and a television show. His influence on the public was clear in the 94 elections in which the newly elected Congressional majority was Republican. Before the 94 election, members of Congress were fearing Limbaugh s power. In the Senate, a bill referred to as the Hush Rush was designed to silence him, although it did not pass(Corry 50).
The popularity of Howard Stern has also grown over the past few years. He constantly speaks out against people who he feel stray from the norm such as gays, lesbians, etc. In the past, political candidates that Stern endorsed such as Rudolph Gulliani have gotten elected. But because of the manner in which Stern presents his views, is what concerns the FCC. When Stern says something totally outrageous, the FCC fines the Infinity Broadcasting Company which is Stern s employer. In December of 1992, the FCC fined Infinity Broadcasting Company $600,000 ( FCC Tags Stern 65). But, in late 1994, the FCC failed to recognize Stern when he talked a man out of suicide.
The power that the media has is derived from its ability to mold the public opinion by presenting exaggerated and biased coverage of events. The media functions as the national judge and jury. It tarnishes the reputations of many people just like the McCarthy trials. We live in a capitalist society in which money is our main motive. A journalist today is not concerned with telling the truth on an issue, but what they can say that will sell and make the most money. A journalist named Nicholas Von Hoffman wrote, Butchers make sausage. Newspapers make public affairs. Has that hunger driven the media out of control? (Nachman 26)
George Stephanopoulous, an established reporter stated that:
It is our job, as the media, to report about what the public wants. If they want to hear about the Menedez brothers, the Bobbitts, Tonya and Nancy, Whitewater, or O.J. Simpson, then we ll report about it. We need to write about what the public wants in order to keep them buying newspapers. (Nachman 26)
Tabloids are run purely on the basis of what will sell the most copies. It is sad that some of the most repeatable newspapers and news shows are following in the tabloid s footsteps. The Gennifer Flowers story appeared in The Star way before it was plastered on the front page of major newspapers such as The New York Times (Nachman 26). But in the process of serving Americans their daily serving of gossip, innocent people are having their names dragged through the mud. Personal things are becoming public knowledge. Even worse, people are being declared guilty before it is proven that they are.
An individual who has been affected very badly by the media s money driven motives is O.J. Simpson. America was fascinated with this case, because after all, it has
great entertainment value. It has a great plot- a football star kills his beautiful ex-wife and her lover in the heat of passion. The treatment of the O.J. Simpson case shows how the media has become purveyors of drama rather than information (Gabler 12). There were an incredible amount of rumors surrounding the case. Some people have said that the Simpson case is an American tragedy that became the center of a media circus. Because of the enormous media coverage it caused making the selection of an impartial jury nearly impossible. It also led to having the jury sequestered during the trial as well.
When O.J. Simpson was recently interviewed on BET(Black Entertainment Television) he said:
The biggest villain in my ordeal was the media. The media follows me everywhere I go. They report one erroneous rumor after another. The media images some Americans saw were not ones that were actually shown in court. (Jet 89)
O.J. Simpson also went on the say in that interview that the media only showed the people that were upset on his released and held signs that said Butcher of Brentwood . They did not show the hundreds of people that waved to him or gave him a thumbs up as he walked out of the California jail. (Jet 39)
Over the years, the Supreme Court has heard many cases. In 1964 the Supreme Court heard the case of The New York Times v. Sullivan . Sullivan claimed that the newspaper had printed inaccuracies about him and was negligent. In the process they ruined his reputation and was liable. This was the first case in which someone could actually fight back against the media (Orr 57).
In 1990, the case Milkovich vs Lorain Journal was brought before the Supreme Court. The court ruled that the media can be held liable even when only expressing their opinions. This is especially true if the media is implying an assertion of an objective fact . Everyone including cartoonists are vulnerable to libel suits (Orr 58).
Most recently during September 1995, a federal Cincinnati court ordered Business Week to pull an article from its about to be published issue or risk being held in contempt. Business Week had acquired sealed documents about the lawsuit between Proctor & Gamble and Bankers Trust about improper practices of selling securities. Without giving the magazine a chance to be heard, the court issued a restraining order. (Kaplan 70)
The United States mass communications systems are entering an era of rapid technological change and the need for policy reform is becoming increasingly apparent. The role of the FCC changes from day to day. Passage of the telecommunications bill in January 1996 created 60 new guidelines for the FCC to follow when they are considering whether something is decent or not. The bill also rejected the idea that the Internet was the electronic equivalent of the printing press. The legislators concerned themselves more with the broadcasting of indecent materials such as pornography to minor. Anyone caught soliciting these materials to minor can be given a maximum of 10 years in jail. (Lewis B14)
And so in conclusion, how should the media be regulated? Many people feel that the solution to the problem is to create a new media doctrine of self restraint. Opponents of this feel that this would alter the information and this country would evolve into a dictatorship. But, if something is not done soon, who knows what will happen? If the media does not establish an internal system of self -regulation, the government will surely intrude, a step that will begin with regulation and ultimately lead to censorship (Deskowitz 150). Freedom of the press is the cornerstone of America s image of itself. And the question of free speech is arguably one of the most complex of all constitutional issues. To solve the problem there must be a partnership between the media and the American public. If the public doesn t want lies and gossip, then that s what the media will give them. But as America continues to be fascinated by lies and gossip, then the press will continue to print it.
Works Cited
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Corry, John. Fairness Most Foul. The American Spectator November 1993: 50-51.
FCC Tags Stern. Newsweek 28 December 1992: 65.
Fribourg, Majorie. The Bill of Rights. Philedelphia :Macrae Smith Company,1967.
Gabler, Neal. OJ; the News as a Miniseries. TV Guide. 30 July 1994: 12-17.
Hohenberg, John. Free Press, Free People, The Best Cause. London: Columbia University Press,1971.
Holden, Stephen. The Media Monster Lurking Within. Newsweek 1 October 1995: 15.
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Levy, Leonard. Emergence of a Free Press. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Lewis, Peter. About freedom of the Virtual Press. The New York Times 2 January 1996: B14.
Rosenthal, A.M. The Press and Simpson. New York Times 24 June 1994:A27.
Shank, Joshua. Limbaugh Lies II. The New Republic 8 August 1994: 9-10.
Simpson Criticizes Media. Jet 12 Februrary 1996: 38-40.
Sunstein, Cass. Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech. New York: Free Press,1993.
Szykowny, Rick. Bewildering the Herd. The Humanist November 1990: 5-20+.
Talking About the Media Circus. The New York Times Magazine 26 June 1994: 26 31+.
Williams, Patricia. Hate Radio. Ms. March 1994: 25-29.
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