the social order
Simony-the buying or selling of church offices
Enlightenment-a period of time when people started to
question traditions, customs, and
standards and started relying on logic and reason, some
main people of the time were:
Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rene Descartes, Locke,
Hobbes
Inquisition- couldn’t find this one
Richelieu-advisor of Louis XIV’s main advisor, taught Louis
to rule as an absolute
monarch more or less the leader of France because Louis was
so young, he just told him
what to do, led France through many years of war, raised
taxes, but made France very
powerful
Castiglione-Italian author of The Courtier (an etiquette
book telling how to become and
‘ideal state servant’
Secularism-not relating to the church (religion)
Descartes-French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist,
shared many of the same
opinions and mathematical proofs as Galileo, invented
analytic geometry, made
contributions to the science of optics and physics
Oliver Cromwell- the most important leader of the English
Revolution, one of the
principal commanders of the rebel army that defeated the
forces of King Charles I, he
played a leading role in the king’s subsequent trial and
execution named himself Lord
Protector, his primary concerns were to provide a stable
government and to give
toleration to all the Puritan sects
Florence- An Italian city, which was based upon the
foundations of money and wool. The
Medici family, wealthiest family in Florence, often ruled
Florence. Florence was the
center of Renaissance culture, and the wealthiest cities,
until the plague occurred.
Balance of trade- the difference in value between imports
and exports, said to be favorable
to a county when exports are greater.
Treaty of Versailles- Peace treaty between the Allies and
Germany in 1919. It put
limitations on the German army, and the land run and owned
by Germany. The harsh
punishments set upon Germany were not strong enough to
prevent them from striking
again 20 years later.
Treaty of Westphalia- Treaty ending the thirty years war in
1648. Series of agreements
that established the outlines of political geography of
Europe.
Gutenberg (1400-68)- German printer who was the first to
print with movable type.
Printed the Bible, was first book printed with movable type
in Mainz Germany.
The City Of God- written by Augustine, it was a defense of
Christianity from the charge
that the disaster resulted from Rome abandoning its
traditional gods. Became a inquiry
into the nature of human society.
Rousseau- A French philosopher and social reformer who
published several books,
especially The Social Contract. He was part of the
Enlightenment.
Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)- Spanish ecclesiastic; founder
of the Society of Jesus.
Loyola’s society became Jesuits who were soldiers of God.
James I- succeeded his cousin Elizabeth I, he was not a
lovable monarch but he was
generous. He was not liked cause he succeeded a legend and
he was Scottish. Was King
of England and Ireland from 1603-1625.
????–> need help for this one Cervantes- Spanish novelist.
(1547-1616)
Florence- An Italian city, which was based upon the
foundations of money and wool. The
Medici family, wealthiest family in Florence, often ruled
Florence. Florence was the
center of Renaissance culture, and the wealthiest cities,
until the plague occurred.
Balance of trade- the difference in value between imports
and exports, said to be favorable
to a county when exports are greater.
Treaty of Versailles- Peace treaty between the Allies and
Germany in 1919. It put
limitations on the German army, and the land run and owned
by Germany. The harsh
punishments set upon Germany were not strong enough to
prevent them from striking
again 20 years later.
Treaty of Westphalia- Treaty ending the thirty years war in
1648. Series of agreements
that established the outlines of political geography of
Europe.
Gutenberg (1400-68)- German printer who was the first to
print with movable type.
Printed the Bible, was first book printed with movable type
in Mainz Germany.
The City Of God- written by Augustine, it was a defense of
Christianity from the charge
that the disaster resulted from Rome abandoning its
traditional gods. Became a inquiry
into the nature of human society.
Rousseau- A French philosopher and social reformer who
published several books,
especially The Social Contract. He was part of the
Enlightenment.
Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)- Spanish ecclesiastic; founder
of the Society of Jesus.
Loyola’s society became Jesuits who were soldiers of God.
James I- succeeded his cousin Elizabeth I, he was not a
lovable monarch but he was
generous. He was not liked cause he succeeded a legend and
he was Scottish. Was King
of England and Ireland from 1603-1625.
secularism the idea that there is a separation of Church
and of nature. The movement
away the church and more toward science and technology for
ideas on man and nature.
Descartes French philosopher, mathematician, and
scientist, transferred European Ideas
from that of the Medieval Ages to those of more modern
characteristics.
Oliver Crumble was the English Lord Protector during the
Cromwellian Revolution
between the reigns of Charles I and Charles II. He set up
a Protestant Commonwealth,
which the people of England objected to. His reign did not
last long, and soon the people
forced the government to change back to the Absolute
Monarchy.
Black Death- time between 1347 and 1352 when 1/2 to 1/3 of
Europe’s population died
from a combination of bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic
plague–the disease was carried
by fleas who bit into infected rats and came to Italy from
Asia on a merchant vessel.
Natural Rights- rights that every human is entitled to such
as the right to breath
Catherine the Great- ruled from 1762-1796–her policies
were complex and were
influenced by the French ideas of social justice and
nobility of the human race but were
also influenced by the traditional Russian ideals of an
absolute rule–the most important
event of her reign was the establishment of a legislative
commission to review the laws of
Russia
The Social Contract- one of the most important works of
social theory and was written
by enlightenment philosphe, Rousseau
Diderot- editor of “The Encyclopedia,” which was one of the
greatest achievements of the
time–it attempted to summarize all acquired knowledge know
at the time
Versalius- a great palace in France for King Louis XIV–
palace had huge gardens,
fountains and life size statues
da Vinci- one of the famous painters of the Renaissance
whose achievements also included
scientific and technical endeavors–his most famous
paintings were “The Last Supper” and
“The Mona Lisa”
“Eternal City”- i need help with this one
Peter Breugel- a painter form Belgium who painted themes of
country landscape and
peasant life
Habsburg- allies of the Luxenbourgs and begun as a minor
comitial family in the region of
the Black forest–they aquired territory from the east and
when Rudolf I of Habsburg was
elected emperor he was later dismissed as “poor”
Spanish Armada- comprised of over 130 ships, pride of the
Spanish Armada
and Portuguese navies. These ships were bigger and
stronger than anything
owned by the English. However, the English ships were
faster and more
manuevarable. With these advantages, the English prevented
the Spanish from
reaching the ports in the Netherlands and destroying
individual ships.
Hohenzollern- name of a European dynasty whose ruling line
became electors
of Brandenburg, Kings of Prussia, and emperors of Germany.
Deist- believed in the existence of God on rational
grounds only. Believed
that nature conformed to its own materialistic laws and
operated without
divine intervention. The opposed the ritual forms of both
Catholic and
Protestant worship and the role of the Church in education.
Low Countries – region in northwest Europe lying on the
coast of the North
Sea between France and Germany. Netherlands, Belgium, and
Luxembourg.
Albrecht Durer- German artist; marveled at the subtle
ingenuity of the men
in those distant lands after viewing a display of Aztec
art.
Physiocrats- group of French thinkers; thought that land
was wealth and
argued that agricultural activity should take first
priority in state
reforms. They also came to believe that the gov t should
cease to intervene
with private economic activity. Laissez faire, laissez
passer. ( Let it
be, Let it go. )
Encyclopedia- edited by Dierot, 35 volumes; attempted to
summarize all
acquired knowledge and to dispose of all imposed
superstitions.
Candide- written by Voltaire; philosophical novel that
recounts the
adventures and misfortunes of Candide, and satirizing
optimism by his tutor
Pangloss
Alexander the Great- King of Macedonia; conquered Persian
empire and
annexed it into Macedonia; conquered almost all the then
known world and
gave new direction to history.
Enlightened despot- a king that believes in the ideas of
the Enlightenment
The Divine Comedy- written by Dante; view of the whole
Christian universe;
Dante s personal summary of all that is good and bad in
medieval culture and
politics.