Must include:
Country of Origin
Place and date of preparation, number of invoice, reference to order number
Names, addresses and other details of buyer and seller (and consignee if not the buyer), address for delivery of documents
Type of carriage (sea, land, air, multimodal)
Port of loading
Port of discharge
Final destination
Commercial conditions and schedules (delivery and payment)
Number of packages, their description and markings (numbers, etc.), statistical classification
Description of goods according to type, quality, special properties, composition in percentages of each material
Amount of goods in units / weight / volume
Gross, net and net net and measurements of each package
The price agreed between the parties, costs of freight and insurance
Conditions of shipment, dispatch and payment, including all discounts, fees, commissions and charges
Exporter number if any
Stamp and signature of seller plus declaration that all the above is truePacking List (Specifications)
The first part includes name of firm, date, address of buyer and, sometimes name of bank, payment conditions, etc.
The second part contains very detailed description of the goods and their packing. Some countries demand the inclusion of special units of weights and measurements, method of marking, customs classification and so on.
Insurance Policy
Includes the value of the goods, details regarding the mode(s) of transport, points of departure and arrival, details of the agency or insurance company to be contacted in the destination country in case of damage.
Must include the following details to be valid:
Name of insurer
Policy number
Details of carrier
Route from exit to entry
Total value insured and type of currency
Conditions of the policy
Details of agent in destination country
Jurisdiction in case of disputes
Description of goods and their packing
Date of issuance of insurance
Method of calculation of the premium (marine insurance, war surcharge, registration, policy, credit if payment of premium is post dated)
Bill of Lading
Contains description of goods, their quantity and quality (?clean on board? or ?foul?).
Airway bills include an invoice to be paid by buyer or seller.
If seller pays, the bill will say ?prepaid? ? if buyer is to pay, it will say ?collect?.
In case of marine bill of lading, a detailed invoice is issued to seller.
Certificate of Origin
EUR1
Issued at the request of the buyer.
Confirmed by the chamber of commerce, the customs, or the exporter or his agent / forwarder ? or any other body authorized by them.
Must be printed without corrections.
Must conform to commercial invoice.
Must include:
Name and full address of exporter
Name and full address of consignee
Description of goods and their packing
Weight of goods in kg. Or volume in liters
Numbers of relevant invoices
Declaration of exporter that goods conform to rules of origin stipulated in the agreement under which the certificate of origin is issued
FORM A
Like EUR1 but:
Authorities do not need to confirm it
The percentage / amount of value added of the goods must be declared (or ?P? in case the goods are also produced in the destination country)
Consular Confirmation or Consular Invoice
Demanded mainly by developing countries.
Includes full description of goods in language of destination country ? including quantities, monetary values and a sworn affidavit of the exporter attesting to the veracity of the data.
APPENDIX I : The World of the InternetFIRST STEPS
Buy a computer ? including modem, graphic card with 2Mb buffer and multimedia (sound card, speakers)
Open an account with one of the internet service providers ? ISPs (PTT, Unet, MOL, or others)
You will get:
An installation software on a diskette (usually someone will come to install it for you)
A username (which is also the name of your account and part of your email address)
A password ? keep this secret and change it often
Certain ISPs will give you a separate password for communication purposes
LET?s GO SURFING
Click on the phone (connection) icon ? a window will open
Type in your password and click with the left button of the mouse ?OK?
Once connected to the network (you will be informed by a separate window which will show you the status of your modem and how much time you are connected) ? you have opened the door to the world of the internet
The internet is like a huge city with many ?addresses? of ?sites?. To visit these sites, you need to have their addresses (which usually start with http:// – example: http://members.tripod.com/~samvak/guide.html)
You also need a ?car? to take you to the sites ? a special software called ?browser?. The two best known are Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 and Netscape Communicator 4.61. In this demonstration we will use the Explorer because it is user friendly.
Click on the browser icon and study the browser. You can always click on the ?Help? button to get detailed help.
To visit a site you can either:
Click on the address if it is active (in blue color in a computer file)
OR
copy the address (mark it, click the right button of the mouse and click copy in the menu)
Click ?file? in the browser toolbar, then click ?open? (or click the ?open button of the browser directly)
Paste the address that you copied (click the right button of the mouse and click paste in the menu)
Click ?open?
The browser will find the site whose address you asked for and bring you there.
Once in a site, you can click on any COLOURED (hyperlinked) text to visit other sites.
SEARCH ENGINES
BUT WHAT IF YOU DO NOT HAVE THE ADDRESS?
In other words, how do you find an address of a site? Or, even more difficult, how do you find sites which deal with subjects you are interested in?
To do that, you need to use ?Search Engines?. These are special software applications. Look at the list of addresses you received under the heading ?search engines?. You have there the addresses of the 6 most important search engines.
Let us exercise.
You are interested to find the addresses of tobacco organizations in the United States. You have no idea which sites deal with this subject, let alone what are their addresses.
Open the ?Alta Vista? search engine (or any other ? the biggest are Alta Vista and Northern Light, the best organized are LookSmart and Yahoo) ? using the address you have.
Type your search term: ?tobacco organizations in USA? (use the ?? marks).
You will get a list of sites.
Click on the colored text (the hyperlinked text).
Each title you click on will lead you to another site.
We will learn more advanced modes of searching in this seminar.
The internet is the biggest library in the world. It has everything you need about any subject in the world. BUT, it is very chaotic.
OTHER WAYS OF KNOWING THINGS
A more orderly way of obtaining information is by:
Subscribing to specialized providers of information through subscription databases ? such as DIALOG and NEXIS-LEXIS (let?s find their addresses through the internet)
OR
Subscribing to specialty magazines and CD-ROMs (let?s find a few of these through the internet) ? the biggest such providers are US agencies (the USDA and even ? the CIA!!!).
ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL)
When you open an account with an ISP ? you get an email address. This is YOUR address in cyberspace, in the world of the internet. It is NOT the address of a SITE ? it is your PERSONAL address and it looks like this:
sand@mpt.com.mk (all letters usually small).
You can:
Send messages
Receive messages
Send and receive computer files (attached to the message as attachments) ? whole documents, pictures, diagrams, faxes, EVERYTHING and you can send it at the price of a local phone call to anywhere in the world.
Design a special signature
Good luck and welcome to the internet.
Appendix II ? Incoterms In-Depth Documentary Credits and INCOTERMS – International Commercial Terms
1. Incoterms are part of international sales contracts. They regulate:
(A) Carriage of goods from seller to buyer
(B) Export and import clearances
(C) Division of costs and risks between the parties
2. Important acronyms: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Electronic Data Interchange for Administration Commerce and Transport (EDIFACT) and Uniform Rules of Conduct for Interchange of Trade Data by Teletransmission (UNCID).
Internet: GE – TPN
3. Electronic Bills of Lading ? use the CMI Uniform Rules.
4. As a result of the container revolution and cargo unitization, the incoterms FCA, CIP and CPT were developed. Emphasis shifted from means of conveyance to the place of carriage. FOR / FOT / FOBA were omitted.
5. Case Study: warehouse to warehouse insurance and the FOB point – where is delivery effected?.
CIF – seller exposed to claims for failing to reach the ships rail on time.
6. The mirror method – the 10 headings ? see Appendix of Incoterms.
7. INCOTERMS – part of larger picture (deal with delivery and with nothing after delivery – not with quantity, costs of loading / discharging, clearance, transport, risks of loss / damage and insurance against them, title, quality breach of contract or price). There are: Contract of sale, applicable law, custom of trade.
Example: an FOB Buyer would insure the goods despite the fact that Incoterms do not oblige him to do so – difference between obligation and commonsense.
8. Specific reference required. Example: trading with a US firm (UCC – AFDT).
9. CISG – Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: POD where breach is determined in conjunction with Incoterms (concerning delivery).
10. D-terms: seller’s delivery obligation is extended to the country of destination (arrival contract)
E-terms, F-terms, C-terms: seller fulfils de
339