W.H.Smith: is a national chain of shops which sells newspapers and magazines. Smith’s also sell books, videos, stationary, pens and office equipment.
Harrods : is the famous London department store
Sainbury’s supermarkets are one of the leaders in food and drink selling in Britain.
But the most famous of British shops all over the world is Marks & Spencer . It attracts a great variety of customers, from housewives to millionaires . Princess Diana, Dustin Hoffman and the British Prime Minister are just a few of its famous customers. Last year it made a profit of £529 million, which is more than £ 10 million a week. It all started 109 years ago, when a young Polish immigrant, Michael Marks, had a stall in Leeds market. He didn’t have many things to sell: some cotton, a little wool, lots of buttons, and few shoelaces. Above his stall he put the notice: “Don’t ask how much-it’s a penny. 10 years later , he met Tom Spencer and together they started Penny Stalls in many towns in the north of England. Today there are 564 brunches of M&S all over the world – in America, Canada, Spain, France, Belgium, and Hungary. In M&S the best selling clothes are :for women: jumpers, bras, and knickers; for men: shirts, socks, pyjamas, dressing gowns, and suits; for children; underwear and socks. Best – sells in food include fresh chickens, bread, vegetables and sandwiches. Why is M&S so successful? The store bases its business on three principles: good value, good quality, and good service. Also it changes with the times –once it was all jumpers and knickers. Now it’s food, furniture and flowers as well .Top fashion designers advise on styles of clothes.
9. Education in GB and in Russia.
As in other countries the vast majority (Огромное большинство) of people in medieval Br were illiterate. Written texts were in Latin and exact of churchman , there was only a small group of professional clerks , who could read and write. And sometimes when you needed something to write down you had to pay one of the clerks for his job.
After the Norman invasion in 1066 Br. started to join social-political life of Europe. In that time the rich families began to employed clerks to teach their children at home. Then church mans began to open schools for boys. After French revolution which brought ideas of social equality . woman began to demand access to some sort of education as boys. In 1874 Gorton Collage and Cambridge afford the first university places for women.
Nowadays everybody has a right to a school place for a child from age 5 to age 16, and a collage place from 16 to 18. This places are provided free of charge. In GB there are 2 steps which is free of charge: this is Primary school ( here learn children from age 5 to 11) and Secondary school (from 11 to 18 years old). The Primary school consist of 6 steps, and Secondary school education can be devoted into 2 parts. First it is 5 steps after which children can leave Secondary school after they pass 11 GCSE exams( General Certificate of School Education), but they can also stay at school or in collage for more 2 years. Most Secondary schools in GB are comprehensive for example state school s which take children of all abilities. About 7% of students go to privet schools. This schools don’t receive any money from state and they are usually single sex, and children live there during tern-time. Most pupils in GB schools wear school uniform. The favorite colors for it are: blue, gray, black and marron.
After Secondary school only 25% of Students continuos education and go to universities. GB Universities are not open to every one it depends on your last year in school. And your A-level results. For example the Nottingam university accepting students it the have 2 Bs and a C in A-level.
In Russia the education system is different. All children must learn from 1 stage to 9 it is obligatory education. After which pupils pass 5 exams. They can leave school or stay for 2 years more (10 and 11 grades) . it is High secondary school education. At the end of 11 form all pupils must pass 6 exams. 2 of them are identically to all. It is written literature and mathematics . in schools with the profound study of languages (foe example English) the exam on this subject is considered composure . other 3 or 4 exams pupils choose themselves. During the last form many pupils usually attends to the courses of the university they had chosen. In Russia everybody could enter the university, but he must pass entrance exams. In every university they are different.
11. You like your flat and your district. Speak in fever of the place.
I live in Moscow, in North Orekhovo - Borisovo district. It is situated in the South of the city. In my district there is Tzarizansky park . It is a very old park and it has it own interesting history. Catherine I liked the village called “Black mud” and she ordered architectures Kazakov and Bazhenov to build there a residence, but as the name of the village was not appropriate for a summer residence of empress it was decided to rename it to Tzarizano. When everything was ready Catherine I didn’t like the building of Big Palace and the architects began to remake it but they didn’t finish their work. For the many years it remained unfinished. But about 5 or 7 years ago old buildings were restored. A lot of people like to walk there and breathe fresh air . It is very important that in our district there is a forest. It cleans the air. Ecology conditions in our district are bad as the winds from the North bring polluted air, also in our district there are a lot of industrial projects. For example near my house the Tobacco fabric “Ducat” are situated. I live in a 3 room flat. There are 2 bedrooms, a living room, and a kitchen. In my room there is a wardrobe , a bed, a desk ,a computer, a tape recorder and some pot plants. In the kitchen there is a table with chairs , a refrigerator , a microwave oven , roaster, and a TV set. In the living room there is a sofa, a TV set , a hi-fi system and a table with chairs. Besides Tzarizansky park there is another historical place in our district Kolomenskoe .It is a park too. In warm days it is very pleasant to walk there with friends . I like my district because nowadays a lot of new interesting shops and places opened here and in has become more modern. Certainly it is a pity that out district is situated very far from the center of Moscow and it takes me a lot of time to get there, but near my house there is Domodedovskaya metro station which is very good. The only thing I wish is a better ecological situation in our district and then everything will be OK .
13. Speak about advantages and disadvantages of living in a big city , in a small town and in the country
The city is the place where all industrial cultural and educational centers are situated. In big cities you can find museums, theaters, clubs, cinemas ,big shops and hospitals, comfortable modern flats. People try to live in cites because all necessary objects are situated near by. For example if you get ill a hospital or a chemist’s shop will be situated near your home in the city, and if you live in the country it will be hard to find any medical help very quicly . Also in big cites you can fiend all sorts of entertainment such as cinemas clubs entertaining parks and so on. Many people like to spend their free time in them because it helps them to relax and bring them a lot of pleasure. It is really convenient that everything you need in daily life is situated near you. One of the most important comforts of big cites is that you can fast get everywhere you like by underground, bus, trolley bas. Also in big cities there is electricity therefore you can use electrical devices such as TV sets, computers, radio, microwave owen, refrigerators and so on. One more thing, without which it would be impossible to live today is the telephone and where there is a telephone there is also Internet. The connection has huge value in the life of people and we have got used to it to such extent , that it there is no telephone we feel uncomfortable and lonely. Yes , it is really comfortable, and at first glance everything is good but nowadays big cites there are a great amount of cars and factories Big cites suffer of overpopulation, dirty air, and water, The streets became noisy and after hard working day people cannot relax. People try to do everything to go to the countryside because only there they can find quietness . Every holiday and every week-end people try to leave their houses and go to the country. I live in Orekhovo-Borisovo North district . The ecological conditions here are very bad because near my house a lot of industrial objects are situated. For example near the Tobacco factory “DUCAT” is situated . As for me I prefer to live in a big city because A lot of big shops are situated near my home, but I also like to spend my holidays in the country because after living in the city for about 9 months I begin to get tired.
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14. London.
London is where the invading (вторжение) Romans first crossed the River Thames. They built a city a square mile in size, surrounded it with a wall and called it Londinium. This original site of
London is now called the City of London and is Britain's main financial center.
The City is only a very small part of London. In the 11-th century, London began to expand
beyond (Вне) to City walls when King Edward the Confessor built a huge abbey at Westminster.
There is saying "When a man is rtred of London, he is lired of life!" (Dr Johnson)and it is quite trufful. You can't be bebored in London. There are hundreds of historic buildings, galleries and museums. There are parks and street markets, over 80 theatres and even more cinemas.
The centre of London has many different areas Each one has its own special character. Covent Garden in London’s West End , is crowded with cafes, clubs and clothes shops. Soho is also known for its clubs. Knightsbridge has a lot of exclusive and expensive shops, as well as many of the embassies. Fleet Street is the home of the Law Courts. One part of the West End has so many Chinese shops and restaurants that it is called Chinatown. Chelsea and Sloane Street are supposed to be the homes of trendy rich kids. When you go outside the centre you find many areas which used to be small villages. The village became part of the city when the city expanded, but they still managed to keep their village is extremely expensive. It is on one or the highest hills in London
Some visitors say that London is an expensive city, but there are a few things to do which do not cost a lot of money. Most museums are free and give free guided tours as well as lectures. The Royal Festival Hall on the South Bank of the River Thames has free music in the foyer every lunch rime. The National Theatre next to the Royal Festival Hall also has free concerts in the foyer evening and on Saturday lunchtime. Some cinemas are cheaper on Mondays; others sell half-prise tickets before 6 pm If you want to discover London, it is best to start with a tour on a sightseeing bus. It’s also fun to go on a guided walk. These are advertised in Time Ont, a weekly magazine that tells you what is happening in London. The walks last up to 3 hours and have special themes, such as "Ghosts and Haunted Taverns", "Royal London - Palaces and People", "The Beatles London - Rock Routes of the Sixties".
Also there are a lot of beautiful historical places like the Westminster Abbey. It is a national shrine where the kings and queens are crowned and famous people are buried. Founded by Edward the Confessor in 1050, the abbey was a monastery for a long time. The present building dates largely from the time of henry III who began to rebuild the church , a task which lasted nearly 300 years. Since William I almost every English monarch has been crowned in this great church, which contains the tombs and memorials of many of Britain’s most eminent citizens.
16. Speak about the state of medical servers in Russia. How do you imagine the medical care of the future?
In our country medical service is provided free of charge. There is a wide network of local out- patient clinics. If a person falls ill he calls a local physician. The doctor visits his patient. And examines him. He usually sounds the patient’s chest, listens to his heart, fells his pulse and sometimes sahes , his blood pressure. He also examines his throat and tonque . After the physician has diagnose the case the prescribes medicine for the descase. Then he writes out a search leave and gives advice If the patient follows the doctor’s instructions , it doesn’t take him long to recover. As soon as he feels better , he comes to the local out-patient clinic for final examination. If the case in complicated and the patient needs shecial treatment he is taken to the hospital.The situation in medical service has changed as compared to the previory years. Medicine has become very expensive. Treatment and special tests or surgery cost a lot of money. Mist people cannot afford being operated. Nowadays we cannot say that medical service is must be given by the government to run medical service properly. Hospitals and clinics should be better equipped. Many of them are old-fashioned and need repairing. Doctors and nurses are overworked and underpaid. One of the positive features, which still exists in Russia, medical service in regular medical check-up of school children. It is very important to prevent illness. They are vaccinated and examined by specialists. I think that medical service should be free of charge for all people.
18.Museums
There are so many museums and galleries in London that even people who have lived there for a long time don't know them all. Some are traditional museums, but many are now making their exhibitions interactive, or hands-on, to encourage people to touch and understand what is on display. At the Science ' Museum, visitors can carry out experiments. At the Natural History Museum, visitors can find out how to look for fossils on the beach. At the National Gallery, the country's main art gallery, visitors can call up paintings on computer screens, find out about them and then print out a plan with their location indicated.
At MOMI, the Museum of the Moving Image, almost all the things on display move. You can see how the first film was made, listen to the latest stereo systems and watch the news from the 1960s. The people who work in the museum are actors: those in the 1950s section are in 1950s costume and can talk to you about Marilyn Monroe.
The National Gallery was born when King George IV urged (Убеждил) the government to purchase (Купить) a collection of 38 paintings including six of Hogarth's Marriage A La Mode. Rubens, Rembrandt, other Flemish, Dutch and Italian Renaissance masters were acquired as years passed and the Gallery grew, and is still growing. Next door is the National Portrait Gallery, one of the first major (Главный) institutions to acknowledge the importance of photography in artistic heritage.When the Tate Gallery opened in 1897 British painters, including Turner, appeared there. The Tate, beside The Thames, continued collecting British artists from 1850 to join works by Hogarth, Blake and Pre-Raphaelites and foreign works from the time of the Impressionists. The British Museum's supreme collection was based on the will of Sir Hans Sloane in 1753, which prodded Parliament to acquire his art, antiquities and natural history collections at a sum (£ 20,000) far below their actual value. At the same time the Harleian Collection of Manuscripts was purchased for the nation and on January 15, 1759 the new museum opened -but only to persons considered acceptable. The King's Library was built in 1823 and new wings followed. So did a round Reading Room under a vast copper dome. Ancient works of art abound from Roman hoardes unearthed in recent years to copies of the Magna Carta, Parthenon sculptures and Egyptian mummies. The Victoria and Albert Museum is sited next to a clutch of sister museums - Science and Natural History and Geological which grew out of Prince Albert's Great Exhibition initiatives.