5. Some specific duties of the board of directors are to declare dividends, authorize contracts, decide on executive salaries, and arrange major loans with
banks. Management's main means of reporting the corporations financial position and results of operations is its annual report.
6. The corporation form of business has several advantages over the sole proprietorship and partnership. It is a separate legal entity and offers limited liability to the owners, ease of capital generation and ease of transfer of ownership. In addition, it allows centralized authority, responsibility and professional management.
7. The corporation form of business also has several disadvantages. It is subject to greater government regulation and double taxation. In addition, separation of ownership and control may allow management to make harmful decisions.
II. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Why is a corporation the dominant form of American business?
2. How often do the stockholders usually meet?
3. What does management of a corporation consist of?
4. What can a stockholder do if he cannot attend the meeting?
5. What advantages has the corporate form of business?
III. Найдите в тексте термин stock и уточните его значение в данном тексте.
IV. Вместо пропуска вставьте подходящее слово. Переведите на рус. яз.
board of directors, stockholders, business, disadvantages, advantages
1. A corporation is the dominant form of American … .
2. Management of a corporation consists of the … .
3. The board of directors is elected by the ... .
4. The corporation form of business has several... over the sole proprietorship.
5. The corporate form of business also has several … .
V. Найдите в тексте производные от следующих слов:
to elect, to own, to manage, to add.
Вариант 2
I. Прочитайте и переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1,2.
Unctad' VII and After
1. The world economy in the 1980s has been characterized by a low-down in growth of demand and output, compared with the preceding two decades, generally lower rates or inflation, difficulties in many countries in adapting to structural changes, a mounting stock of debt, high real interest rates, high and increasing levels of protection, commodity prices depressed to their lowest level in 50 years, terms-of-trade losses sustained by commodity exporting countries, and a generally insecure economic environment in which million of people still lack the basic conditions for a decent life.
2. In this difficult global economic situation, there has been a diversity of socio-economic experiences. Developed market-eсonomy countries have succeeded in curbing inflation and in maintaining steady, though slow, growth, but unemployment levels are still high and external payments imbalances remain excessive in some of these countries. On account of their dominant share in world trade, the impact of their slow growth has been transmitted to other countries which had to reckon with it as a significant factor in policy formulation. Growth has slowed also in countries of Eastern Europe.
3. Most developing countries had to retrench; they have been unable to consolidate and build upon the economic and social progress which they had achieved during the two preceding decades. In the 1980s, the average per capita income of the developing countries as a whole fell further behind that of the developed countries. Indeed, per capita incomes declined in most countries in Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa. Nevertheless, a number of more industrialized export-led economies of East Asia, and the larger Asian low-income economics, have continued to grow.
Примечание. UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - Конференция ООН по торговле и развитию, ЮНКТ АД.
II. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What were the main tendencies in the world economy in the 1980s?
2. What did developed market economy countries succeed in?
3. Who had the dominant share in world trade?
4. Did the average per capita income of the developing countries fall further behind that of the developed countries?
5. What was the situation like in more industrialized export-led economies of East Asia?
III. Найдите в тексте слово demand и уточните его
значение.
IV. Вместо пропусков вставьте подходящее слово. Переведите на предложения на русский язык.
rate, level, incomes, debt, share
1. The external ... of many developing countries is growing.
2. The ... of developing countries in world trade is still not very great.
3. The ... of inflation must be curbed.
4. Unemployment... is still high in many developed countries.
5. Per capita ... have declined in many countries.
V. Найдите однокоренные слова для следующих слов:
basis, employment, industry, to pay, to formulate.
Вариант 3
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1,2.
Impact of Trade Restrictions
1. The 1980s have also been a time of complexity for economic policy-makers in both developed and developing countries. Increasing unpredictability
has been manifested in the unilateral adoption of trade restrictions specific to countries and products, and in the appearance of massive and often distorting flows of funds within and across international currency and commodity markets.
Associated with these phenomena have been interrelated problems arising from currency misalignments, persistent payments inbalances, an uneven distribution of international liquidity, and net outflows of financial resources from many developing countries.
2. Both policy-makers and entrepreneurs are being challenged by an acceleration in the pace of structural changes which are very difficult to harness. These changes can be traced to a number of underlying factors, the most important of which are the impact of scientific advance and applied technology, and government policy. These factors are affecting production, consumption and trade patterns; producing far-reaching developments in the service sector, particularly financial services, and in commodity markets; significantly altering employment patterns; and leading to shifts in international competitiveness.
3. Many countries-developed and developing alike, including the least developed countries are investing substantial efforts in adjusting their economies to these new realities in pursuit of their national objectives. They are also reappraising the respective roles of the public and private sectors in the economy. However, while some have made progress in recent years in reducing or eliminating growth-retarding distortions and rigidities by enhancing the structural flexibility of their economies, much remains to be done.
II. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What was the result of structural changes in the 1980s?
2. What factors were affecting production?
3. In what way were developed and developing countries trying to adjust their economies to new conditions?
4. What countries were reappraising their respective roles in the public and private sectors of the economy?
5. What were the main problems for economic policy makers in the 1980s?
III. Найдите в тексте слово funds и уточните его значение.
IV. Вместо пропусков вставьте подходящее слово
или словосочетание. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
pace, consumption, objective, shift, the public sector
1. The role ... in Russian economy is diminishining.
2. The ... of National development must be clearly formulated.
3. The ... of production growth is being discussed at the conference.
4. The ... of basic commodities is steadily increasing.
5. The recent years have seen ... to market economies in many countries.
V. Найдите однокоренные слова для следующих слов:
to develop, to restrict, investment, competitive, nation.
Вариант 4
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 3.
The Economy of Great Britain
1.Britain was a pioneer in the industrial revolution and has retained a manufacturing base of fundamental importance to the economy (accounting
for some 25 per cent of gross domestic product - GDP) in spite of a rapid growth in the services sector (nearly two-thirds of GDP).
Petroleum and natural gas now account for 4 per cent of GDP and agriculture for 2 per cent (supplying more than half country's food). Britain has become self-sufficient in oil with the development of resources in the continental shelf under the North Sea. Although this has brought great economic benefits, it has contributed to problems of economic adjustment: the external value of sterling is partially influenced by the position in the international oil market, and this may cause strains in Britain's international trade.
2. The economy is based largely on private enterprises but has some major publicly owned industries (notably coal, steel, gas, electricity and railways)
and a few joint enterprises. The Government is reducing the size of the public sector, returning parts of the steel, transport, telecommunications and aerospace industries, for example, to private enterprise.
3. The working population is just over 26 million (in a total population of 56 million) of which 7 per cent are self-employed. Just under 40 per cent are women. Unemployment has risen to around 3 million.
4. Britain exports over 30 per cent of its GDP. Machinery and transport equipment account for about one-third of exports while finished manufactures comprise over one-third of imports. A recent trend has been the large fall in oil imports and the emergence of a significant export trade. The Federal Republic of Germany and the United States are Britain's leading trading partners. Britain's fellow members in the European Community accounted for 43 per cent of its exports and 41 per cent of imports in 1990, compared with 30 and 32 per cent respectively in 1972.
Earnings from invisible exports, including financial and other services, are about half as much as those from visible exports.
The Government aims to defeat inflation through firm fiscal and monetary policies, increasing competition, reducing the rise in public expenditure and restoring incentives to industry, particularly small businesses.
II. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What is the fundamental importance to the economy of Great Britain?
2. What natural resources is Great Britain rich in?
3. What branches of industry in Great Britain do you know?
4. What does Great Britain export?
6. Which countries are Britain's leading trading partners?
III. Найдите в тексте слово value и уточните его значение в данном тексте.
IV. Вместо пропусков вставьте подходящее слово. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
oil, sterling, account, based, public
1. The economy of Great oil Britain is ... largely on private enterprises.
2. Britain has become self- sufficient in ... with the development of resources in the continental shelf under the North Sea.
3. The external value of ... is partially influenced by
the position in the international oil market.
4. Petroleum and natural gas ... for 4 per cent of GDP.
5. The Government is reducing the size of the ... sector.
V. Найдите производные слова от следующих слов: to employ, to develop, economy, to adjusts, part
Вариант 5
I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 3.
The Trade of Great Britain
1. International trade has always been important to Britain but its importance has increased markedly in recent years. Exports of goods and services now account for nearly a third of gross domestic product, compared with almost a fifth some 30 years ago; imports have shown a broadly similar trend as proportions of home demand.
The fifth largest trading nation in the world, Britain provides just over 9 per cent of the main manufacturing countries' exports of manufactured goods. The country is a major supplier of aerospace products, motor vehicles, electrical equipment, chemicals, textiles and most types of machinery, and is a growing oil exporter. It relies upon imports for about two-fifths of total consumption of foodstuffs and for most of the raw materials required by industry.
2. Manufactured goods account for about three-quarters of exports of goods accounting to trade statistics); a feature is the shift towards finished,
rather than semi-finished, goods. The most important group is machinery and transport equipment (34 per cent of exports in 1980). The share of fuels rose from 4 per cent of export in 1975 to 14 per cent in 1980 when, for the first time, exports of North Sea oil exceeded imports of crude oil.
3. An increasing proportion on trade has been with other European Community member countries. They account for six of the top ten export markets, taking 43 per cent of British exports in 1980, and for six of the ten leading suppliers of goods to Britain. Britain's largest single export market was the Federal Republic of Germany and the largest single supplier of imports was the United States.
4. Long an advocate of the removal of artificial trading barriers, Britain has taken a leading part in the activities of such organizations as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The European Community's common customs tariff, which Britain applies, is, on average, at a similar level to the tariffs of other major industrial countries. Britain maintains few restrictions on its international trade. Most goods may be imported freely and only a narrow range of goods is subject to export control.
5. Invisible trade (which includes payments and receipts for services such as shipping, travel and civil aviation, insurance and interest, profits and
dividents arising out of overseas investment, and transfers between Britain and other countries) is of great significance to the economy, accounting for one-third of overseas earnings. Net earnings from invisibles are second only to those of the United States.
II. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. Which place in international trade does Great Britain hold?
2. What does Great Britain export?
3. What does Great Britain import?
4. Is Great Britain a member of the European Community?
5. What countries does the European Community consist of?
III. Найдите в тексте слово account и уточните его
значение.
IV. Вместо пропусков вставьте подходящее по смыслу слово или словосочетание. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
account for, market, investment, equipment, leading part
1. Manufactured goods … about three-quarters of exports of goods.
2. The most important group is machinery and transport … .
3. Britain's largest single export ... was the Federal Republic of Germany.
4. Britain has taken a … in the activities of such organizations as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the International Monetary Fund and so on.
5. The Government of Britain welcomes both inward and outward … .
V. Найдите в тексте слова, производные от следующих глаголов: