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English language for technical colleges (стр. 29 из 29)

Insecticides for pest control are applied to soil and crops in the form of granules, dust, or liquid sprays. A variety of mechanical spraying and dusting equipment is used to spread chemicals on crops and fields; the machinery may be self-powered, or drawn and powered by a tractor. In areas where large crops of vegetables and grain are grown, aircraft are sometimes used to dust or spray pesticides.

Chemical pesticides are used in nearly all farming operations undertaken in developed countries. However, increasing concern over the harmful effects that pesticides may have on the environment has led to the use of alternative forms of pest control. For example, farmers use crop rotation to prevent pests that feed on a certain crop. Also, certain pests are controlled by introducing an organism that damages or kills the pests, but leaves the crops unharmed. Finally, some crops are being genetically engineered to be more resistant to pests.

Implements for Harvesting Crops

Most cereal crops are harvested by using a combine— a machine that removes the fruiting heads, beats off the grain kernels, and cleans the grain as the combine moves through the fields. The cleaned grain is accumulated in an attached grain tank.

Wheat and other cereal crops are harvested by a combine which, as it moves along the rows, picks the ears from the stalks and husks them. The ears are then transferred either to a sheller, which removes the kernels from the ear, or to a vehicle trailing behind the machine.

Hay harvesting usually requires several steps. First, the hay is cut close to the ground with a mower. After drying in the sun, most hay is baled. In baling, the pickup baler lifts the hay to a conveyor that carries it to a baling chamber, which compresses the hay into bales weighing up to 57 kg or more and ties each bale with heavy twine or wire. A machine called a field chopper cuts down green hay or field-cured hay for use as animal feed. After being cut down, the hay is stored in a silo and allowed to ferment; this type of animal feed is nutritious and resistant to spoilage.

Specialized machinery is also used to harvest large root crops such as potatoes and sugar beet and to harvest fruits and vegetables. Some mechanical fruit-pickers that are used to harvest tree fruits, such as plums, cherries, and apricots shake the fruit tree, causing the fruit to fall on to a raised catching frame that surrounds the tree. Nut crops can also be harvested in this manner.

Use of agricultural machinery substantially reduces the amount of human labour needed for growing crops. The average amount of labour required per hectare to produce and harvest corn, hay, and cereal crops has fallen to less than a quarter of what was required only a few decades ago.

Предлоги, обозначающие движение

to движение по направлению к предмету (лицу), протекающему процессу:

Come to me. — Подойдите ко мне.

from движение от предмета (лица), удаление от протекающего процесса:

Take this book from the table.— Убери книгу со стола. '

I come from Russia. — Я из России.

into движение внутрь ограниченного пространства:

Put the book into the bag. — Положи книгу в портфель.

out of движение из ограниченного пространства:

Take the book out of the table. — Достань книгу из стола.

on(to) /onto движение на поверхность:

Snow fell onto the ground. — Снег падал на землю.

throughчерез, сквозь: Не went in through the door. —Он вошел через дверь.

Предлоги, обозначающие место

at местонахождение у предмета (лица), а также там, где протекает определенный процесс:

I am sitting at the table. — Я сижу у стола.

I study at school. — Я учусь в школе.

The pupils are at the lesson. —Ученики на уроке.

in местонахождение внутри ограниченного пространства:

Не is in the office. — Он в офисе.

The books are in the bag. — Книги в портфеле.

on местонахождение на поверхности:

The book is on the desk. — Книга на столе.

under местонахождение под другим предметом:

The book is under the table. — Книга под столом.

across через: My school is across the street. — Моя школа находится через дорогу.

above Местонахождение над другим предметом:

There is a lamp above the table. — Над столом висит лампа.

between между: Between us. — Между нами.

in front of местонахождение предмета (лица) впереди другого предмета (лица)

There is a telephone in front of him. — Перед ним стоит телефон.

behind местонахождение предмета (лица) позади другого предмета (лица),

There is a sport ground behind our school. — За нашей школой спортплощадка.

around местонахождение одного предмета вокруг другого предмета:

We are sitting around the table. — Мы сидим вокруг стола.

beyond по ту сторону: Beyond the limits of the city. — За пределами города.

over над, через, сверх: There is a bridge over the river. — Над рекой мост.

near вблизи, около, рядом с, возле, за:

She is sitting near the table. — Она сидит за столом.

up вверх: Up the river. — Вверх по реке.

down вниз: Down the river. — Вниз по реке.

Предлоги времени

in внутри временного отрезка: In April, in 1999. — В апреле, в 1999 году.

in через некоторое время: in an hour, in two days через час, через два дня

at в (точка во времени) at 5 o’clock, at midnight – в 5 часов, в полночь

on в (с названием дней недели, датами): on Monday, on the 10th of February - в понедельник, 10 февраля

by к определенному моменту: by 8 o'clock tomorrow — к 8 часам завтра

from... till / from... to... от... до: from 5 till 6 o'clock/from 5 to 60' clock — с 5-ти до 6-ти

for в течение (отрезок времени): for an hour — в течение часа

during во время (чего-либо): during the lesson— во время урока

after после (чего-либо): after work — после работы

before перед (чем-либо): before the lesson- перед уроком

within внутри, в рамках: within a month — в течение месяца

Прочие предлоги

при, около, посредством: by the window, by plane — около окна, самолетом

with вместе с: with a friend– с другом

for для: I'll do it for you. - Я сделаю это для тебя.

Наиболее употребительные наречия.

Наречия места и направления:

here — здесь, тут

there — там

somewhere — где-то, где-нибудь

anywhere — везде, повсюду, где-нибудь

nowhere — нигде

inside — внутри

outside — снаружи

down — внизу

back — сзади, назад

away — вдали, вон, прочь

downward — вниз

upward — вверх

Наречия времени:

now — сейчас, теперь

before — до, перед, прежде

ever — когда-либо

never — никогда

always — всегда

often — часто

usually — обычно

seldom — редко

still — все еще

already — уже

just — только что, только

yet — еще, уже

sometimes — иногда

today — сегодня

tomorrow — завтра

yesterday — вчера

recently — недавно

lately — в последнее время

commonly — обычно

Наречия образа действия:

slowly — медленно

quickly — быстро

easily — легко

calmly — спокойно

brightly — ярко

hardly — с трудом, едва

Наречия меры и степени:

much — много, сильно

little — немного, мало

enough — достаточно

too — слишком

almost — уже, почти

very — очень

Наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы существительных

-er/or — teacher, writer, actor, doctor

-ist — scientist, artist

-ment — movement, development, government

-ess — fortress, hostess, actress

-ian — musician, technician, politician

-ance — distance, importance, appearance

-(t)ion — revolution, translation, operation

-ity/'ty — popularity; honesty, morality, ability

-hood — childhood, neighborhood

-у — energy, assembly

-ship — friendship, leadership

-age — passage, marriage

-ism — heroism, socialism, capitalism

-ant — assistant, consultant

-ence — conference, silence, difference

-ure — culture, picture, agriculture

-ing — building, reading, meeting

-dom — freedom, kingdom, wisdom

-sion/ssion — revision, session, discussion,

-ness — happiness, illness, darkness (-s)ure — pleasure, treasure, measure

II. Префиксы существительных

re — reconstruction,

со — cooperation, coexistence

dis — disadvantage, discomfort, distaste

in — inaccuracy, independence

mis — misunderstanding, misprinting, misinformation

im — impossibility, impatience

un — unemployment, unconcern, unreality

il — illegality, illiteracy.

Наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы глаголов

I. Суффиксы

en — deepen, lighten, strengthen;

fy — classify, electrify, specify

ize — organize, characterize, mechanize

ate — indicate, activate, translate

со — cooperate, coexist, collaborate

de — decode, decompose, demobilize

dis — disbelieve, disapprove, disappear

in — input, inlay, incut, indraw

im — immigrate, impart, implant;

inter — interact, interchange, interdepend

ir — irradiate, irrigate, irritate

over — overcome, overheat, overhear, overlook

re — readjust, rebuild, reconstruct, rewrite

mis — misprint, misunderstand, miscount.

Наиболее употребительные суффиксы и префиксы прилагательных

-ful — careful, beautiful, useful, powerful

-ant — distant, important, resistant

-ous — famous, dangerous, various

-ed — talented, developed, interested

-ing — interesting, disappointing

-al — natural, cultural, territorial

-ent — dependent, transparent, different

-ish — Spanish, British, boyish, Irish

-ibie — possible, terrible, visible, convertible

-able — comfortable, miserable

-ic — atomic, historic, poetic, heroic

-у — rainy, busy, sunny, windy, dirty

-less — hopeless, lifeless, useless, homeless

-ary — ordinary, revolutionary, necessary

-ive — inventive, effective, impressive, detective

-ian — Russian, Canadian, Rumanian

II. Префиксы

un — unhappy, unable, uncomfortable

in — independent, indirect, invisible

dis — disappointing, discouraging, disconnecting

im — impossible, imperfect, immoral, immaterial

non — non-ferrous, non-governmental

ir — irregular, irresponsible, irrational

post — post-war, post-operational

inter — interdependent, interchangeable, international

il — illegal, illiberal, illimitable.

Таблица неправильных глаголов

2 форма 3 форма 4 форма Перевод
to be was/were been being быть, находиться
to bear bore born bearing нести
to beat beat beaten beating бить
to begin began begun beginning начинать(ся)
to bend bent bent bending гнуть
to bind bound bound binding переплетать
to bite bit bitten/bit biting кусать
to blow blew blown blowing дуть
to break broke broken breaking ломать
to bring brought brought bringing приносить
to build built built building строить
to burst burst burst bursting гореть, жечь
to buy bought bought buying покупать
to catch caught caught catching ловить
to choose chose chosen choosing выбирать
to cut cut cut cutting резать, рубить
to dive dived/dove dived diving нырять
to do did done doing делать
to draw drew drawn drawing рисовать, тащить
to drink drank drunk drinking пить
to drive drove driven driving вести
to eat ate eaten eating есть, кушать
to fall fell fallen falling падать
to feel felt felt feeling чувствовать
to feed fed fed feeding кормить
to fight fought fought fighting бороться, драться
to fly flew flown flying летать
to forbid forbade forbidden forbidding запрещать
to forget forgot forgotten forgetting забывать
to forgive forgave forgiven forgiving прощать
to freeze froze frozen freezing замораживать
to get got got getting получать, становиться
to give gave given giving давать
to go went gone going идти, ехать
to grow grew grown growing расти, выращивать
to hang hung hung hanging висеть, вешать
to have had had having иметь
to hear heard heard hearing слышать
to hit hit hit hitting ударять
to hold held held holding держать
to hurt hurt hurt hurting повредить
to know knew known knowing знать
to lay laid laid laying накрывать
to lead lead lead leading вести
to leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped leaping прыгать, скакать
to leave left left leaving покидать, оставлять
to lend lent lent lending давать взаймы
to let let let letting позволять
to lie lay lain lying лежать
to light lit lit lighting зажигать
to lose lost lost losing терять
to make made made making делать
to meet met met meeting встречать (ся)
to pay paid paid paying платить
to put put put putting класть, ставить
to read read read reading читать
to ride rode ridden riding ехать (верхом)
to ring rang rung ringing звонить, звенеть
to rise rose risen rising поднимать
to run ran run running бежать
to say said said saying говорить, сказать
to see saw seen seeing видеть
to sell sold sold selling продавать
to send sent sent sending посещать, отправлять
to shake shook shaken shaking трясти
to shine shone shone shining светить, сиять
to shoot shot shot shooting стрелять, снимать
to show showed shown showing показывать
to sing sang sung singing петь
to sink sank sunk sinking тонуть
to sit sat sat sitting сидеть
to sleep slept slept sleeping спать
to speak spoke spoken speaking говорить, разговаривать
to spend spent spent spending тратить, проводить время
to stand stood stood standing стоять
to steal stole stolen stealing воровать, украсть
to stick stuck stuck sticking прилипать
to strike struck struck striking бить, ударять
to swear swore sworn swearing клясться
to sweep swept swept sweeping мести, подметать
to swim swam swum swimming плавать
to take took taken taking взять, брать
to teach taught taught teaching учить, обучать
to tear tore torn tearing рвать
to tell told told telling сказать, сообщать
to think thought thought thinking думать
to throw threw thrown throwing

бросать,

кидать

to wake woke woken waking будить, просыпаться
to wear wore wakened wearing носить
to weep wept wept weeping плакать
to win won won winning побеждать, выигрывать
to write wrote written writing писать