Грамматика английского языка Морфология. Синтаксис (стр. 16 из 71)

§ 91. In clauses of purpose the form used depends on the conjunction introducing the clause.

1. After the conjunctions that, so that, in order that, so the quasi-subjunctive forms may (might) + infinitive or can (could) + infinitive are used. Only might and could are used if the action in the subordinate clause, though following the action in the main clause, refers to the past. But when the action refers to the present or future, both forms of each verb are possible (may or might, can or could).

I tell you this so that you may understand the situation.

She left the lamp on the window-sill, so that he might see it from afar.

She gave him the book that he might have something to read on the journey.

2. After the negative conjunction lest (чтобы не) should + infinitive is generally used.

The girl whispered these words lest somebody should overhear her.

He was afraid to look behind lest he should see something there which ought not to be there.

The subjunctive mood in adverbial clauses of concession

§ 92. Concessive clauses may either be joined to the main clause asyndetically, or else be introduced by a connective (however, whoever, whatever, whenever), a conjunction (though, although, even if, even though); also by a phrase, such as no matter how, no matter when.

If the action refers to the present or future the quasi-subjunctive form may + infinitive or present subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause. If the action refers to the past may + perfect infinitive or perfect continuous infinitive, or might + infinitive is used. Forms with should + infinitive, would + infinitive, and non-factual tense forms are also possible, though less typical.

He can be right, no matter whether his arguments be convincing or not.

Tired as he may be he will always help me.

Though he might have been suspicious he gave no sign.

No matter how he might try he couldn’t do it.

Much as I would like to help, I didn’t dare to interfere.

When a concessive clause is joined asyndetically, there is usually inversion. The front position is occupied by the part, that states the circumstance despite which the action in the main clause is carried out. Thus it lends a concessive meaning to the clause. In the following sentences the concessive meaning is focused on the part of the predicate:

Come what may, we shall remain here. Cost what it may, I’ll give you the sum you ask. Tired as he might be, he continued his way.

- Чтобы ни случилось ... - Сколько бы это ни стоило... - Как бы он ни устал ...

The focus of the concessive meaning may fall on the nominal or adverbial part of the clause.

Whoever he may be, he has no right to be rude. Whatever you may say, our decision remains unchanged. Whichever of the two roads we may take, the distance is great. Wherever we might go, we found the same gloomy sight. Whenever I may ask him a question, he always has a ready answer. Не will not convince us however hard he should try.

- Кто бы он ни был ... - Чтобы ты ни говорил ... - По какой бы из двух дорог мы ни пошли ... - Куда бы мы ни пошли ... - Когда бы я ни задал ему вопрос ... - ... как бы сильно он ни пытался.

Concessive clauses introduced by even if, even though are built up on the same pattern as conditional clauses and the same subjunctive mood forms are used in the subordinate clause.

Even if it were true, he couldn’t say so.

Even though he had proposed, nothing has changed since that day.

Concessive meaning may be rendered by the indicative mood in the same patterns of clauses, if the fact despite which the action is carried out is a real one.

Cold as it is, we shall go out. (it is really cold)

Tired as he was, he continued his work.

Though he was 36, he looked very old.

It was not meant to offend you, no matter how ironic it sounded.

The subjunctive mood in simple sentences

§ 93. Besides cases when the subjunctive mood forms are used in simple sentences to express an unreal action as a consequence of an implied condition (see § 88), these forms are also used in simple sentences of the following kind:

1. In exclamatory sentences beginning with if only to express a wish. They follow the same pattern as conditional clauses, and would + infinitive, past subjunctive, non-factual tense forms are used.

If only it were true!

If only I knew what to do!

If only I had listened to my parents!

If only it would stop raining!

If only we could have stopped him!

2. In exclamatory sentences to express an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts (surprise and disbelief). Here should + infinitive is used.

And this should happen just on this day!

That it should be you of all people!

3. In questions expressing astonishment or indignation the analytical form should + infinitive is used:

Why should you and I talk about it?

How should I know?

Why should you suspect me?

Why should you not do it?

The traditional use of the subjunctive mood in formulaic expressions

§ 94. These forms remained as survivals of old usage and they are used as wholes, in which no element of structure can be omitted or replaced.

Most of them have a religious origin and express a wish or a prayer: God bless you! (Bless you!) God save the king! Heaven forbid! The Devil take him!

In many cases, however, formulaic expressions may be expanded by variable elements (parts of the sentence or clauses), thus making productive patterns in Modern English. They vary in their meaning, although mostly express a wish. Among them are:

1. Forms used in slogans: Long live the Army! Long live patriotism! Long live the fighters for peace! Long live heroes!;

2. Forms used in oaths, curses, and imprecations: Manners be hanged! Confound your ideas! Confound the politics!

Far be it from me to spoil the fan! Far be it from me to conceal the truth! Far be it from me to argue with you! Far be it from me to talk back!

- Чтобы я хотел испортить вам настроение! - Чтобы я скрывал правду! - Чтобы я стал спорить! - Чтобы я грубил!

Forms with may + infinitive, unlike modern forms with the same verb, retain the old word order:

May success attend you! May you be happy! May he win!

The subjunctive mood forms with had better, had best, would rather, would sooner are used in sentences denoting wish, admonition, preference, advice. Very often they are used in a contracted form: You’d better go at once. You had best take note of my direction if you wish to make sure of it.

Formulaic expressions with concessive meaning are used in complex sentences as concessive clauses:

Happen what may, Come what will, Come what may, Cost what it may,

we shall not yield.

The formulaic expression as it were (так сказать) is used as parenthesis, emphasizing that the content of the sentence is highly figurative or non-real:

... there is, as it were, a transparent barrier between myself and strong emotion.

He is my best friend, my second self, as it were. Table III The subjunctive mood forms
Types of Sentences	Synthetic Forms	Analytical Forms	Non-Factual Tense Forms
Simple sentence	Ideas be hanged! If only that were true!	May it come true! I should like to see this film.	If I only knew!
Complex sentence with a subject clause	It is required that all be present.	It is important that all should come. It is likely he may come.	It is time the boy came.
Complex sentence with a predicative clause	He looks as if he were surprised.	It looks as if the weather may change. The order is that we should move.	It seems as if everybody knew. It looks as if he had known it long ago.
Complex sentence with an appositive clause	The order that we should move surprised us.
Complex sentence with an object clause	I wish he were here.	He ordered that we should come. We feared lest he should find it out. I wish he would come.	I wish I knew it. I wish I had never met him.
Complex sentence	The stranger looked	He glanced at me as if he
with an adverbial	at me as if he were	knew.
clause of comparison	surprised.	The girl spoke as if she
had learned it all by
heart.
Complex sentence with	It is true whether it be	Tired as he might be, he
an adverbial concessive	convincing or not.	continued his way.
clause	Though he might be tired, he continued
his way.
He will not manage it
however hard he should try.
Whatever faults the book may
have, it is interesting enough.
He would not have come	even if we had warned
him.
Complex sentence with	I tell you this so that you may
an adverbial clause of	understand the situation.
purpose	We put the matches away lest
the baby should find the box.
Complex sentence with	If I were you ...	I should not object to it.
an adverbial conditional	I should come ...	if I knew the address
clause	I should have called on you
yesterday ...	if I had known the address
Should I meet him, I shall tell
him about it.

NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (VERBALS)

§ 95. There are four non-finite forms of the verb in English: the infinitive (to take), the gerund (taking), participle I (taking), participle II (taken). These forms possess some verbal and some non-verbal features. The main verbal feature of the infinitive and participles I and II is that it can be used as part of analytical verbal forms (is standing, is built, have come, will do, etc.)

Lexically non-finites do not differ from finite forms. Grammatically the difference between the two types of forms lies in the fact that non-finites may denote a secondary action or a process related to that expressed by the finite verb.

Non-finites possess the verb categories of voice, perfect, and aspect. They lack the categories of person, number, mood, and tense.

None of the forms have morphological features of non-verbal parts of speech, neither nominal, adjectival or adverbial. In the sphere of syntax, however, non-finites possess both verbal and non-verbal features. Their non-verbal character reveals itself in their syntactical functions. Thus, the infinitive and the gerund perform the main syntactical functions of the noun, which are those of subject, object and predicative. Participle I functions as attribute, predicative and adverbial modifier; participle II as attribute and predicative. They cannot form a predicate by themselves, although unlike non-verbal parts of speech they can function as part of a compound verbal predicate.

Syntactically the verbal character of non-finites is manifested mainly in their combinability. Similarly to finite forms they may combine with nouns functioning as direct, indirect, or prepositional objects, with adverbs and prepositional phrases used as adverbial modifiers, and with subordinate clauses.

Non-finites may also work as link verbs, combining with nouns, adjectives or statives as predicatives, as in: to be/being a doctor (young, afraid). They may also act as modal verb semantic equivalents when combined with an infinitive: to have/having to wait, to be able/being able to stay. So the structure of a non-finite verb group resembles the structure of any verb phrase.

All non-finite verb forms may participate in the so-called predicative constructions, that is, two-component syntactical units where a noun or a pronoun and a non-finite verb form are in predicative relations similar to those of the subiect and the predicate: I heard Jane singing; We waited for the train to pass; I saw him run, etc.