On the whole, the choice of bio-political strategy and finding of acceptable variants of decision of concrete bio-political problems has to be taken into account action of factors of two levels of complication:
II. Global socio-political, economic and in a civilized manner-ecological factors.
4. Ecological crisis.
5. Population explosion.
6. Dysfunctions between socio-cultural and biological constituents of evolution of man (illnesses of civilization).
III. Regional socio-political, economic and in a civilized manner-ecological factors.
6. Features of the folded genetic structure of population, and composition of adaptive genetic clusters.
7. System of cultural and mental stereotypes of behavior and perception.
8. Operating system of ethics priorities.
9. Efficiency and economic availability of the system of health protections.
10.Direction and rates of economic and socio-political processes and level of psychosomatic stress conditioned by them.
For the gene pool of man it is necessary the most obvious consequence of ecological crisis to acknowledge falling of genetic adaptation of human (as well as other biological kinds – components of the natural and artificial ecological systems). The symptom of it is distribution of existing and finding out the new inherited and uninherited pathologies and growth of size of genetic load (to inherit burdened of populations by pathological genes).
Socio-cultural and technogenic transformations of environment of dwelling of human produce as far as the evolution of technogenic civilization the toughened requirements to psychosomatic basis of individuals. Dysfunction of genetic and socio-cultural constituent in bio-social nature of man on the whole is increased, that shows up in development of the so-called «illnesses of civilization».
The global increase of life-span from the beginning of 20th centuries was not accompanied the adequate decline of birth-rate to the level of simple reproduction. Reason is the general passing of rates of technological innovations and changes of appearance life by comparison to speed of evolution of mental options, attended with transformations of domestic relations, ethics estimations of the use of facilities of contraception, etc.
Besides, in North America and Western Europe, former during 18-19th centuries the centers of scientifically-technological progress, the last passed parallel with socio-cultural transformations; their speeds were, on the whole, comparable. In developing countries technological innovations were integrated in life of society from the 1950th mainly by the import of technologies and their products, i.e. considerably quick. And as a result adaptation of society to new realities was late here more strongly, while in the developed industrial countries the quantity of population is already stabilized.
But the «optimum» in a socio-cultural relation method of decision of demographic crisis not necessarily coincides with the genetic, evolutional and economic criteria of estimation. In the first, inevitable results of combination «low death rate – high life-span - low birth-rate» is progressive senescence of population. Secondly, reduction of birth-rate conduces to the change of parameters, influencing on direction and intensity of genetic processes in populations (correlation exo- and endogamy, presence of genetic barriers - class, economic and/or ethno-cultural, dominating streams of migration inter- and between populations and localization of compact residence of ethnic community). As a result, there can be (and, obviously, arises up) restructuring of the gene balance folded to this time and change of composition of genetic clusters. As these indexes have the defined adaptive value, changes take a size and component composition of genetic load. In particular case it touches the transition of row of the inherited pathologies, inherited on a recession-autosomal type, from the heterozygous to homozygous state – because of increase of frequency of formation of endogamy, and even inbreed (especially in small populations) of pair. In the conditions of relative high social stability the value of these factors is less expressed, but to scorn them a priori is impossible.
Regional bio-political problems of post-Soviet of geopolitical space. In the epoch of gene technologies one of basic objects of bio-power is the human genome, or more precisely, influence of socium on genetic (biological) nature of human. The factors indicated higher operate in regions, where economic alteration flows especially sharply. And by virtue of relative instability of scale of the valued priorities, mental stereotypes and system of the political and legal adjusting, the problem of bio-power becomes especially sharp in society, experiencing revolutionary breaking economically-political and socio-cultural bases. So, if there is stabilizing or gradual decline of rates of growth of quantity of population below of level of reproduction in the developed countries of Europe and North America, in the countries of post-Soviet geopolitical space this index goes near a dangerous limit. We will add the mutagenic value of factor of psychological stress, complication of ecological situation.
Must development of basic principles of decision of bio-political problems be preceded, naturally, analysis of the modern state of gene pool, as a self-regulating system, providing biological adaptation to the folded ecological and socio-cultural environment.
However lines of information in area of historical populational and demographic genetics and gene-geography Ukraine, for example, obviously it is not enough for global conclusions. The more so it touches the historical reconstruction of the Ukrainian gene pool.
The bio-political aspects of modern – transitional, crisis development of Ukraine and general part of post-Soviet countries most expressly show up in the followings aspects:
e) attended change of age-dependent and genetic structure of populations and its impoverishment.
f) «Washing» from the gene pool of genotypes of the most active and professionally geared-up part of population because of emigration.
g) Dependence of these changes from socio-cultural and mental stereotypes.
h) Strengthening of natural selection pressure is special on the early stages of ontogenesis because of the general worsening of economic situation and availability and efficiency of the system of health protection.
So, any strategy of exit from a global ecological and regional socio-political crisis both in the case of «soft» and in the case of «hard» scenario of development does inevitable the necessity of strengthening of the system of the genetic monitoring and correction of negative changes for the genetic structure of populations. Consequently, the mechanisms of realization of bio-power of necessity will be founded in the near future on application of the newest genetic technologies.
Political potential of theoretical biology. From positions of globally-evolutional approach a human simultaneously is the acting person of a few independent, but interdependent forms of evolutional process. His survival in a constantly changing environment at first was provided by transformation of morphological signs and behavior reactions (biological evolution). Then to it the change of environment of dwelling of human (socio-cultural evolution) by technology – rationalistic methods of transformation of nature, society and man (technological evolution)was added.
Accordingly, it is possible to select three forms of adaptation and three elements of evolutional strategy of survival of human in surrounding environment - biological, socio-cultural and technological ones. However, if biological adaptation does not imply the change of environment directly, the socio-cultural and technological adaptations are based on active purposeful influence of man on transformation the world which he exists in. Round the biological type of Homo sapiens is formed the new environment. In same queue socio-cultural and technological forms of evolutional process to the present tense as an inalienable element of the same Homo sapiens essence.
Exactly it serves as primary empiric foundation for consideration of process of anthropogenesis as not linear superposition of a few processes – biological evolution, socio-cultural history and scientifically-technological progress. More adequate is a coevolutional model – attended development of the off-line, but interdependent from each other systems.
Feature of stable evolutional strategy hominides consists, as we see, in transformation of biological inadaptations in socio-cultural adaptation, step-up the chances of the transmitters on a survival. Perhaps, most brightly it showed up in regard to functional organization of higher nervous activity, becoming the necessary factor of socialization and forming of culture. Modern researches suppose that by the features of psychical activity, which did possible passing to new evolutional strategy for our ancestors, became such ones:
· enhanceable level of the behavior excitability directed outside (extraversion);
· enhanceable emotional instability, high level of anxiety (neurotics);
· Increased capacity for formation of casual associative connections (psychotics).
All of these signs have expressly exposed polygenic inherited a component, by virtue of what result in the expressed loss of stability of higher nervous activity, predisposition to psychical illnesses. From other side they serve as the base of creative potential of man.
During anthropogenesis the difficult multicomponent process of interdependent time-histories was formed elements of biological and socio-cultural nature (coevolution):
6. biological coevolution of structural elements of eco-systems in an aggregate formative a biosphere;
7. gene-cultural coevolution, providing co-ordination of biological and socio-cultural subsystems;
8. coevolution of separate elements of society, predetermining their association in single socio-sphere;
9. techno-cultural coevolution, due to which structural from point of survival and expansion of sphere of influence of human the constructive aspects of technological innovations prevail over destructive;
10.technological coevolution is the attended development of different, but interdependent technologies.
Thus the global flow of gene-socio-technological evolution is complicated a by differentiation of separate interdependent, subsystems in which prevail either horizontal (between the homogeneous elements of given level of complication) or vertical (interlevel) co-operations. To the first type coevolutional processes behave 1, 3 and 5, to the second – 2 and 4. The flow of further motion of coevolutional changes appears thus, if it is possible to be so expressed, not simply nonlinear, but nonlinear «in a square». Exactly interlevel system effects (gene-cultural and techno-cultural) provide stability of the non-equilibrium systems with participation a man.
One of the empiric diagnosed conformities to the law of this process shows up as a tendency of growth of autonomy biological and social constituents, at the determining value of the last. However, multidimensional space of vectors of technological innovations determinate by not only logic actually technological progress. Here the system of the valued priorities of man, which predetermine social claimed and terms of actualization of concrete technologies, comes forward the second system-formatted factor. By virtue of this circumstance of socio-culture-genesis, in spite of considerably more low speed of evolutional changes comparatively with a technogenesis potentially able to regulate rates and direction of the last.
Thus, socio-cultural coevolution is a process of mutual adaptation of separate elements of socio-sphere (and mentality, including) and sciences, acquires a decision value for the survival of human. But in modern terms realization of coevolutional process is broken due to strengthening of inadaptation (that does disconcordances of behavior of two (and more) interdependent and communication interactive off-line systems, which the bilateral recoding of acting information is at, its accessible for the use each of members of coevolutional pair. Such disconcordances of modes of development of science and other social institutes, as separate elements of socio-sphere, imply:
(1) there is science inability to find the acceptable decision of problems, arising up in the conditions of opposition of socio-political interests and possibilities of achievement of certain goals separate associations in society in functional sense (a1); (b1) digging up between scientific and technical possibilities and desire of people to assume moral and political responsibility for growth of scientific knowledge;
(2) In informative sense (a2) disparity between maintenance of scientific theories and by the folded mental behavior options and stereotypes, that regulative the relationships of members of society with each other both with outward things and (b2) between actual maintenance of science and its reflection in mentality.
Overcoming of appearing break makes essence of the modern stage of coevolution of science and society. Post nonclassical stage of its development, characterized prevailing of globally-evolutional approach, including two principles – analysis of the systems and evolutional development, that genesis to a great extent related to biology and genetics.
Arising up in post-classic genetics, understanding of ontogenesis as translation of genetic information one semantic system in other got to social philosophy and generated conception of programmable society, that underlay on existence of «socio-code» (by analogy to a genetic code), determining nature of the civilization type.
However socio-cultural influence of genetics is not limited by space of actually natural science and humanitarian knowledge, but also goes in the sphere of extra-scientific spiritual culture and becomes an important shape-generating factor in the evolution of mentality.
Political pressure on separate scientific disciplines, as far as about it is possible to judge retrospectively, determined the more than less by their ability to give answers for questions, satisfying state power and not affecting bases of official ideological doctrine. Within the framework of the existent system brought impossibility over of achievement of such purpose, in same queue, to strengthening of administrative interference with scientific activity. So, by the important social factors of forming in the USA and Western Europe of socio-psychological context which played in the favor of growth of authority of genetics, from one side, and to the loss of authority of eugenics – with other, Second World War and protracted military-political opposition of two systems became. To last third of the last age mental dominant of non-acceptance any based on genetics and theory of biological evolution of interpretation of mechanisms of becoming of human individuality and spiritual culture began to weaken.
Accordingly to van Potter, three basic parameters, allow, simply to describe the state of the system of «Science-Society»:
d) the volume of scientific knowledge, which, in the first approaching, increases exponentially;
e) social competence, determined as a degree of integration of scientific knowledge in the existent integral system of mentality and in doctrine-ideological foundation of the society:
f) degree of social control after the possible natural and socio-political consequences of scientific and technical progress
At imposition of these interdependent functions the graph of changes social jurisdiction and social control has a sinewave form, where the periods of getting («golden age») up alternate with the periods of slump (social crisis). In a triad a «science–mentality–socio-political situation» the second ones appears the most conservative element. Therefore, as a rule, conflict of science and policy is determinate and divergences between actual maintenance of scientific conception and pictures of it or about the consequences of its application in mass consciousness. This break, increasing, approaches a dangerous threshold in the period of scientific revolution, especially, on condition of parallel existent social instability. In history of genetics such periods were becoming of Mendel genetics (1900-1945) and birth of gene-engineering technologies of genetic analysis and testing.
The acceleration of rates of advance of science extends the sphere of the phenomena and processes, accessible to scientific cognition and afterwards engaged in the sphere of the technological use sharply. And only after some time limitations of application of new methods and comprehension of their technological results become obvious within the framework of new paradigm.