In the end the pas – beginning of present millennium development of science goes so intensively, that new ideas and interpretations do not have time to be integrated in the formed systems of the valued priorities and mental stereotypes which determine the reaction of personality and socio-cultural changes. A protective socially-psychological reaction shows up in strengthening of negative perception of consequences of development of science, which is actualizated as aspiration to slow the rates of development of new scientific directions or limit the spheres of their practical application. Fresh enough historical examples of similar examples are a voluntarily moratorium for development of technology of gene-engineering manipulations and subsequent decisions of Asilomar`s international conference (1974-1975) and introduction in the USA, as well as by the governments of other countries, prohibition on the state financing of researches in area of cloning of human creatures (1997 year). In this case speech, to our opinion, must go about the adaptive reaction of society. Its functional setting is smoothing of rates of evolution of science, policy, mentality.
The main mental setting of technogenic civilization is aspiring to the making progress permanent increase of scientifically-technological power of society, which serves liberation of man from under authorities of laws of the biological reproducing.
Acquisition of political value by scientific conceptions (politization of science), have a few lines, general for any variants of modern technogenic society:
6. association of maintenance of competitive scientific conceptions with ideology of influential political association communities and motions;
7. tendency to expansion of administrative control above distribution of scientific information or certain methods of scientific research, and also above their applied use;
8. expansion of value of estimation of adequacy of scientific theories, experimental facts and research methods not by standard verificational procedures, but from point of their accordance interests of certain political groupments;
9. intensification and expansion of scales of penetration in science of presentations and stereotypes of mass consciousness, strengthening of value of external stimuli in forming of scientific conceptions;
10.Strengthening of dependence of the personal fate of scientist from maintenance of his scientific looks and theories.
We will take the liberty to draw a conclusion that political (not only bio-political) conflicts and crises, related to politization of science (not only genetics and biology) and with the phenomenon of bio-power, are not simply descendant a local socially-historical situation, arising up in totalitarian former Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. Rather, they can be considered the extreme cases of deviations of general mechanisms of social homoeostasis, sharp violation of relations between separate social institutes any society, including democratic and liberal USA, Sweden, etc. Progress of politization and/or ideologization of science leading, in extreme case to violation of ability of the science as social institute to execute the basic function (to get new knowledge), unconnected directly neither with the totalitarian political mode nor with the unmarket economic system. However, both these the factor predetermine, morally, large probability of crisis scenario of co-operation of science and society.
Commercialization of science (and its homologues in an unmarket economy ( «converting of science into direct productive force») and strengthening of direct shape-generating influence of natural science on mental stereotypes and elements of spiritual culture, it is obviously possible to examine as global description of evolution of civilization in modern age.
Influence of these two components on history of genetics traced distinctly enough and relief (by virtue of specific of the object of research and solidity of theoretical conceptions, that has a direct relation to biological nature of human). The consequences of their direct application are so distinct at the level of motivational stimuli of social actions:
4. aspiration to take under control the lead through of scientific researches, that caused considerable public resonance;
5. growing probability of transformation of scientific facts and theories in the instruments of political fight;
6. consequently, the realized or unrealized desire to reconstruct science accordingly political and ideological the necessities
The attended evolution of science and society, obviously, supposes existence of channel of informative exchange, interpenetrations and integrations of mentality and scientific knowledge. The cycle of mutual mentality-science transformations takes a place as follows:
(1) new facts join in existent scientific knowledge;
(2) conceptual bases of scientific discipline and new elements reform integrated in mentality of scientific community;
(3) elements of scientific knowledge (scientific facts, terms and theoretical positions) proliferate in mass consciousness, and translated in the semantic code of the proper social communities. Their sense changes or transformed as a result of co-operating with the pre-existent elements of mentality, by ethics, religious and by other systems;
(4) there is a return reaction of mentality on introduction of new elements, which consists of their estimation from point of existent norms and values of interpersonal relations, interests of individuals and social communities;
(5) mentality and his conceptual base are reconstructed in accordance with new realities;
(6) elements of new mentality proliferate in consciousness of scientific community, there is their translation in the semantic code of science that is accompanied transformation of their sense as a result of co-operating with pre-existing here elements.
Obviously, key are the third and sixth phases through which one shoulder of cycle of transmission and semantic recoding of information is completed between science and society.
In this system a role of universal translator, carrying out the translation of semantic code of science in socially-psychological, political goes economic problems (and vice versa) and supporting ductings informative exchange between separate coevolutional elements, executes ethics. In the end in order that the concrete consequences of development of scientific knowledge for life of society were realized and caused a return reaction, they must be computer-integrated in the system of ethics priorities formed to this moment, causing the certain wave of excitation, reflecting the collisions of new realities and existing in mentality valued options.
Socio-political problems of bio-power. Political bio-science interpretation of genesis and transformation of political organization of society has enough high heuristic potential, allows to specify or revise even withstand categories of political doctrines.
Stable evolutional strategy Hominids plugs in itself four behavior modes: aggression (agonistic behavior), co-operation, egoism and altruism. Their accordion in time optimum balance substantially promoted chances on a survival in the process of competition on individual and group levels. In human society their maintenance a long ago unstucked from actually biological foundation, saving, however evolutional-genetic succession with the «biological prototypes». Such succession from point of evolutional psychology is provided by the so-called Macciavellic intellect. It is not simply political strategy, outgoing on principle «Purpose justifies facilities». Machiavelli intellect means peculiar a human capacity for social cognition, i.e. to creation of ideal models and appearances, reflecting actual relations between individuals into task force and to forecast the behavior of concrete members of such group in a certain (spontaneously arising up or artificially created) situation. And on the basis of it – to manipulate other individuals, to utilize them as instruments for achievement of the purpose.
A similar result of evolution of sociality is specific for a human and was attended with an output outside an own biological evolution and only one from alternative evolutional strategies, providing a survival the transmitters.
Evolutional pre-condition of origin of social organization comes forward peculiar an anchorman gregarious way of life the organisms ability to form the system of interindividual hierarchical connections on the basis of relations of prevailing of one individuals above other. In same queue, relations, prevailing-submission arises up as a result of preceding aggressive conflicts.
Natural selection and different cultural determinants can operate concertedly, constructing the relations of prevailing-submission and competition for social leadership. According to it is enough plastic social organization, initially formed a few behavior stereotypes that «inherited» by the socio-cultural form of evolution and transformed by it:
4. submission a dominant individual (usually to the most old male – «father of family») – operates from birth and to achievement of puberty,
5. ability to identify such individual on characteristic signs («grey hairs are a decoration of man»),
6. imitation the behavior of individuals declining years.
In the aggregate these programs provide relative stability of social organization and provide a survival by mastering of behavior reactions of those individuals which lived to be an old, the same proving adjusted.
A problem of genesis of altruistic behavior is one of the most hardness settled problems of modern theory of biological evolution. Modern conception of evolutional-genetic bases of altruistic behavior is taken to the models: «Family selection» and «Mutual altruism».
However a socio-cultured evolution substantially modified and complicated such systems. Along with genetic determinants of altruistic behavior «culture-genes» appeared with similar, and even by considerably more powerful external displays. As signs of belonging to the same community linguistic, religious, ethnic or racial, property and other social and political attributes began to be examined. Possibly, not by chance, that those societies which status of mutual help and collectivism is high (East-Slave, Semitic, Japanese, Chinese) have a clear expressed sense to development of different forms of xeno-phobias. In the period of social and political crises such displays of dehumanization of inwardly and between groups relations are sharply intensified and deepen (an anti-Semitism is in Hitler Germany, hatred to the «bourgeois» in revolution Russia and the former USSR, propagandist appearances of cruel and inhuman enemy during soldiery collisions et cetera). In American mentality an absolute dominant is predominance of individual freedom above interests of social community. But also here setting on contrasting of «own–stranger» is saved, as the structured of humanity on separate social of community is saved too.
Thus both aggressive and altruistic behavior in human experience is beyond biological expedience, and becomes inadaptive from point of survival of transmitters of certain genes and genotypes. The extreme expression this tendency arrives at during military operations. In the process of socio-cultural and technological evolution there are mechanisms of suppression of those behavior modes which brake their flow. In examined case (military conflict) by them is dehumanization of appearance of enemy and distant character of modern weapon.
By a side by side shows up opposite, characteristic only for human tendency to expansion of scopes of mental dominant «own» and the maintenance of reflecting philosophical categories and logic criteria of belonging to «owns». To the 1950th philosophical interpretation of this concept became identical “all of transmitters of mind” (humanity). And then with the origin of ecological ethics a new maximum transition was set – «all of living». However and this tendency, as turns out, lies within the limits of genetic norm of reaction. As information of modern etology, human and higher primates, testify setting is inherent to suppose those individuals, with which they are included in a contact, reasonable (expedient) behavior. «Sympathy» allows to forecast the behavior of partner, coming from comparison of his emotional reactions (actual or imaginary) with own emotions.
. The dominant criterion of their «survival» is become by expedience social. And it, in same queue, allows to spread empathy from the representatives of the task force at first to the ethnos, country, all of humanity, to exceed a supply own biological kind. In the end irrational allotting of creatures, belongings to other biological kind, inherent a man appears emotions in the pragmatic value of this word very rational. Instrumental in the maintenance of integrity of biosphere, as an ecological and cultural environment of dwelling of Homo sapiens, it simultaneously stabilizes bio-social nature and succession of socio-cultural evolution of human. The evolutional value of empathy, addressed to «all of living» comes to light in such interpretation, as a mechanism of gene-cultural coadaptation and techno-cultural balance.
Selfless devotion of doctor Gaaza, Alberta Schweizer, Mother-Teresa, as well as military heroism (but also existence of warriors-kamikaze, terrorists-condemned to death, social institute of monkhood et cetera etc.) it is impossible to interpret in terms of biological evolution. However, the survival of humanity is possible only due to the acts of altruism in blessing to social community. Both these contradictions appear explainable, if two postulates will appear just:
· At first, carries not causal, but evolutional-historical character equivalent biological and social behavior modes.
· Secondly, certain invariant attributes have laws of biological and socio-cultural evolution. Genes, providing adjusted of organisms, and ideas, clamping human society, arise up, spread, change and die to on in something to the similar mechanisms.
Thus, as far as complication of public structure socio-cultural factors become more complicated. One time arising up, the further evolution of socio-political organization appears in principle a multivalent. The «crown» of going away vectors of further socio-cultural evolution of arising up during an anthropogenesis sociums is determined primordial complication and ambiguousness of co-operation of its separate - biological and socio-cultural - elements.
General conclusion from the analysis of the arguments resulted higher, in our view, it is possible to take to the followings to three to the postulates:
· political democracy and civil society keep indoors for scopes the genetically programmed adaptive norm, incident to the type of Homo sapiens,
· political democracy and civil society cannot be examined as a result of certain compulsion in relation to bio-social nature of human, and
· political democracy and civil society is not the article of bio-power (at least, in the existing now forms).
Difference of democracy, authoritarian rule and other types of the political systems consists in the mechanisms of formation of contours of direct and reverse connections, providing bringing a social structure over and distributing of social roles in accordance with an adaptive norm.
Other aspect of that problem touches the revision of doctrine-ideological bases of civil society and providing of mechanisms of maintenance of socio-cultural and political pluralism and socio-biological bio-diversity.
Conflict of two paradigms – genetic reductionalism and political equality of rights – becomes in the last decades of one of basic problems of theoretical political bio-science, and one of main factors of stabilizing (or destabilizations) of civil society.
Methodological foundation of decision of collision between principles of political equality and genetic variety of human individuals in modern interpretation is stopped up the «theory of justice» of Rouls.
The doctrine of «natural human rights» for the sake of maintenance of logical uncontradiction of the postulates and conclusions was forced to give up an empiric base – reference on «naturalness», i.e. natural conditionality of equality of rights of human individuals.
«Demarcation» of biological and socio-political realities generates the problem of practical concordance inevitably. In the legal conceptual field this problem is formulated as a task protecting of genetic information of citizens from a disclosure.
«Informative» interpretation right individual freedoms, including, related to biological and genetic heterogeneity of human population is the personal touch of not only modern ethics and political doctrines but also modern social practice and political mentality.
Genetic technologies allow to return problem of equality from an area humanitarian-ideal in the sphere of naturally-material. Human personality is perceived now as certain instruction, a text in a notebook. It is possible to copy or change the text on the tyranny. This feature of thought determines perception of social problems, descendant development genetic and reproductive technologies. Most essential from them there are such:
2. Philosophical-methodological dilemma: