Language Learning and Teaching (стр. 1 из 46)
PRINCIPLES of
LANGUAGE LEARNING
AND TEACHING
FOURTH EDITION
H. DOUGLAS BROWN
 |
CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION…………………………………………………………… 7
1 LANGUAGE, LEARNING, AND TEACHING………………………………………….10
CURRENT ISSUES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION……………………..……10
LANGUAGE…………………………………………………………………………………..12
LEARNING AND TEACHING………………………………………………………………14
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION…………………...15
Structuralism/Behaviorism……………………………………………………………...15
Rationalism and Cognitive Psychology………………………………………………...16
Constructivism…………………………………………………………………………..17
LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODOLOGY………………………………………………19
In the Classroom: The Grammar Translation Method…………………………………………… 20
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND DISCUSSION………………………………… 21
SUGGESTED READINGS…………………………………………………………………………… 22
LANGUAGE LEARNING EXPERIENCE: JOURNAL ENTRY 1……………………………… 23
2 FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION……………………………………………………24
THEORIES OF FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION………………………………………24
Behavioristic Approaches………………………………………………………………25
The Nativist Approach………………………………………………………………….27
Functional Approaches…………………………………………………………………29
Cognition and Language Development………………………………………….29
Social Interaction and Language Development…………………………………30
ISSUES IN FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION…………………………………………...32
Competence and Performance………………………………………………………….32
Comprehension and Production………………………………………………………...34
Nature or Nurture?.........................................................................................................35
Universals……………………………………………………………………………….35
Systematicity and Variability…………………………………………………………...37
Language and Thought………………………………………………………………….37
Imitation ………………………………………………………………………………..38
Practice………………………………………………………………………………….39
Input……………………………………………………………………………………..40
Discourse………………………………………………………………………………..40
In The Classroom: Gouin and Berlitz – The First Performer…………………………………… 42
Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion……………………………………………………44
Suggested Readings…………………………………………………………………………………… 44
Language Learning Experiment: Journal Entry 2…………………………………………………45
3 AGE AND ACQUISITION…………………………………………………………………46
DISPELLING MYTHS………………………………………………………………………..46
TYPES OF COMPARISON AND CONTRAST……………………………………………..48
THE CRITICAL PERIOD HYPOTHESIS……………………………………………………49
NEUROLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS…………………………………………………….49
Hemispheric Lateralization……………………………………………………………..49
Biological Timetables………………………………………………………………….50
Right-Hemispheric Participation……………………………………………………….51
Anthropological Evidence……………………………………………………………...52
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ACCENT…………………………………………………………52
COGNITIVE CONSIDERATIONS…………………………………………………………..54
AFFECTIVE CONSIDERATIONS…………………………………………………………...56
LINGUISTIC CONSIDERATIONS…………………………………………………………..58
Bilingualism…………………………………………………………………………….59
Interference Between First and Second Languages…………………………………….59
Interference in Adults…………………………………………………………………...59
Order of Acquisition…………………………………………………………………….60
ISSUES IN FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION REVISITED……………………………..61
In the Classroom: The Audiolingual Method……………………………………………………… 64
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND DISCUSSION………………………………… 65
SUGGESTED READINGS…………………………………………………………………………… 66
LANGUAGE LEARNING EXPERIENCE: JOURNAL ENTRY 3…………………………………66
4 HUMAN LEARNING……………………………………………………………………. 68
LEARNING AND TRAINING……………………………………………………………….68
PAVLOV'S CLASSICAL BEHAVIORISM………………………………………………….69
SKINNER’S OPERANT CONDITIONING…………………………………………………69
AUSUBEL'S MEANINGFUL LEARNING THEORY………………………………………71
Systematic Forgetting…………………………………………………………………..74
ROGERS'S HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY……………………………………………….. 76
TYPES OF LEARNING………………………………………………………………………78
TRANSFER, INTERFERENCE, AND OVERGENERALIZATION………………………..79
INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING……………………………………………82
APTITUDE AND INTELLIGENCE………………………………………………………….82
In the Classroom: The "Designer" Methods of the 1970s…………………………………………86
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND DISCUSSION………………………………… 91
SUGGESTED READINGS…………………………………………………………………………… 92
LANGUAGE LEARNING EXPERIENCE: JOURNAL ENTRY 4…………………………………92
5 STYLES AND STRATEGIES…………………………………………………………….93
PROCESS, STYLE, AND STRATEGY………………………………………………………93
LEARNING STYLES ………………………………………………………………………...94
Field Independence……………………………………………………………………..94
Left- and Right-Brain Functioning……………………………………………………..97
Ambiguity Tolerance……………………………………………………………………98
Reflectivity and Impulsivity…………………………………………………………….99
Visual and Auditory Styles……………………………………………………………100
STRATEGIES………………………………………………………………………………..100
Learning Strategies…………………………………………………………………….101
Communication Strategies…………………………………………………………….103
Avoidance Strategies……………………………………………………………..104
Compensatory Strategies………………………………………………………..105
STRATEGIES-BASED INSTRUCTION…………………………………………………..106
In the Classroom: Styles and Strategies in Practice…………………………………………… 109
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND DISCUSSION……………………………… 112
SUGGESTED READINGS………………………………………………………………………… 113
LANGUAGE LEARNING EXPERIENCE: JOURNAL ENTRY 5………………………………114
6 PERSONALITY FACTORS……………………………………………………………..115
THE AFFECTIVE DOMAIN………………………………………………………………..115
Self-Esteem……………………………………………………………………………117
Inhibition………………………………………………………………………………118
Risk – Taking………………………………………………………………………….120
Anxiety………………………………………………………………………………...121
Empathy………………………………………………………………………………..122
Extroversion…………………………………………………………………………...124
MYERS-BRIGGS CHARACTER TYPES…………………………………………………..125
MOTIVATION……………………………………………………………………………….128
Instrumental and Integrative Orientations…………………………………………….130
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation…………………………………………………….131
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF AFFECT………………………………………….…………...133
MEASURING AFFECTIVE FACTORS……………………………………………………..134
In the Classroom: Putting Methods into Perspective…………………………………………… 135
TOPICS AND QUESTIONS FOR STUDY AND DISCUSSION…………………………………138
SUGGESTED READINGS……………………………………………………………………………139
LANGUAGE LEARNING EXPERIENCE: JURNAL ENTRY 6…………………………………139
7 SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS…………………………………………………………141
FROM STEREOTYPES TO GENERALIZATIONS………………………………………..142
ATTITUDES………………………………………………………………………………... 144
SECOND CULTURE ACQUISITION………………………………………………………145
SOCIAL DISTANCE………………………………………………………………………...147
CULTURE IN THE CLASSROOM…………………………………………………………150