3. Артикли также могут указывать на место смыслового акцента в предложении. Это часто влечет за собой изменение порядка слов, так как в русском языке центр высказывания (на это часто указывает неопределенный артикль) обычно находится в конце предложения.
· The deficit reduction program had a profound effect on the economy.
Программа снижения дефицита бюджета оказала на экономику страны большое влияние.
· A deficit reduction program had a profound effect on the economy.
На экономику страны большое влияние оказала программа снижения дефицита бюджета.
Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения:
| 1. | If there really is a new beginning, not just the same old new beginning, then the president will have learned the lesson of his predecessor's failure. He will be able, if matters go awry, to overcome ideology, and accept the premise that when it comes to checking OPEC and big unions and big companies, a certain, not unuseful, role can be played by government. |
| 2. | If this process continues, the USA will not have the auto industry, steel industry or heavy machine industry. They are disappearing. What it has in certain areas is underdevelopment. New England is one of such areas. |
| 3. | As Britain's deepest postwar recession continues, with industrial production plummeting and unemployment soaring at rates last seen during the Depression, fears are growing that Prime Minister's medicine may be permanently disabling rather than curing. |
| 4. | Democratic economists believe that at a time when business is operating with considerable slack, the nation could stand even larger deficits without much risk of accelerating inflation. |
| 5. | There was a time when the government leaders were well aware of this. |
| 6. | West Germany has now built up its trade to a position among the main suppliers to many countries in South East Asia. |
| 7. | The European Union's industry ministers Friday called for a link between all state subsidies to the steel industry and cuts in capacity. But they were unable to agree on a deadline for phasing out subsidies. |
| 8. | Some Planning Ministry officials favor an income tax not because the government needs the money, but because they believe Kuwaitis should understand the relationship between effort and reward. |
| 9. | The Bundesbank said Thursday that is does not see any room for a retreat from its tight credit policies despite an economic downturn, which has spurred repeated calls for _ lower interest rates to stimulate the economy and fight unemployment. |
| 10. | All this boiled down to a demand, not yet explicitly stated, for a program of aid and reconstruction on the scale being planned for Europe at that time by the incipient Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC). |
| 11. | The coalition began campaigning for a tax to get at excessive oil profits early last fall. |
| 12. | It is time for a decision: without it, in the end, there will be no possible solution. |
| 13. | Bonn - An era has ended in West Germany. It lasted for 30 years and it was called "industrial peace". |
| 14. | An array of cheap government loans and services were made available to encourage investment in industry. |
| 15. | The merger trend is roaring full steam ahead in the world auto industry, on a scale not seen since the 1920s. Back in 1921, there were 88 auto manufacturers in the U.S. By 1928, only 32 remained. Today there are only 25 major auto manufacturers in the world. And by all indications, only a few of these will survive the next few years. |
| 16. | Few corporations are willing or able to risk the huge sums necessary to compete on a world-wide scale. So, corporations have been seeking partners in the production of vehicles and their components, some in order to survive, others in order to expand even further. |
| 17. | To the average housewife, who can see for herself that the prices in the supermarket are edging up, the Labor Department's bulletin last week was hardly a surprise. But few housewives, or their husbands either, were aware of another, "invisible" form of inflation - namely, reductions in the size of packages that are not accompanied by reduction in price. |
| 18. | Few other international problems have such a complex structure or such wide repercussions. |
| 19. | Patent costs are escalating and few inventors can afford to take out world-wide patents. |
| 20. | Few employees realize how thin is the thread from which their retirement security hangs. |
| 21. | There are relatively few small firms in the UK. |
| 22. | As a result, few pronouncements on the need for research are translated into reality. |
| 23. | Few have yet looked outwardly at the implications of introducing this new technology for society in general. |
| 24. | Certainly there was little evidence that he would be able to shift the State Secretary from his fundamental lack of enthusiasm for the project. |
| 25. | But there is little evidence that they have become effective coordinating committees. |
| 26. | The procedure leaves little room for the trade-offs and package deals. |
| 27. | It has become clear that there is little prospect of the huge concerns expanding their work forces. |
| 28. | Employment in public corporations was little changed. |
| 29. | Ministers had made a little progress on the question of how to handle affiliates of central organizations. |
| 30. | Employment fell a little in mechanical engineering. |
IX РАЗДЕЛ
Сослагательное наклонение в английском языке выражается различными формами. В русском же языке оно имеет только одну форму - сочетание формы глагола прошедшего времени с частицей бы (сделал бы). Поэтому возникает ряд трудностей при переводе предложений с этим грамматическим явлением. Остановимся на некоторых из них.
1. Сочетание should с инфинитивом после оборотов типа it is necessary, it is desirable, it is important и т.п., а также после глаголов to demand, to suggest, to order и т.п. часто переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем и выражает требуемое, предполагаемое или желаемое действие.
· The parties to the contract demanded that the documents should be submitted without delay (…the documents be submitted…).
Стороны по контракту потребовали, чтобы документы были представлены без промедления.
2. Употребление в условном предложении сочетания should с инфинитивом вместо Present Indefinite придает высказыванию меньшую степень вероятности, которое переводится на русский язык будущим временем.
· If need should arise (should need arise), we shall get in touch with you again.
Если возникнет необходимость, мы с вами снова свяжемся.
3. Форма were с инфинитивом в придаточных условия указывает на еще меньшую степень вероятности высказывания. На русский язык переводится сослагательным наклонением часто со словами если… бы, почему-нибудь, и т.п.
· Such a policy is bound to be unpopular and if Germany were to support it they would undoubtedly risk their leadership in Europe.
Такая политика наверняка не будет пользоваться популярностью, и, если бы Германия стала ее поддерживать, она несомненно поставила бы под угрозу свое лидерство в Европе.
4. Союз if может быть опущен в условных придаточных предложениях, тогда слова should, had, were ставятся перед подлежащим.
· Had they known it they would have sent the documents beforehand.
Если бы они знали об этом, они выслали бы документы заранее.
Перевод всех других форм сослагательного наклонения как правило не вызывает трудностей.
Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения:
| 1. | The United Nations Human Rights Commission yesterday urged that economic sanctions and an oil embargo should be introduced against certain countries. |
| 2. | The analysts recommended that the United States in formulating its policies for the region should demonstrate a sensitivity to the internal pressures felt by the Gulf rulers. |
| 3. | The Government, therefore, propose that these matters should, in the first instance, be left to negotiation between the Corporation and the Federation. |
| 4. | It is important that the real situation should be examined because anything which promotes irrational differences between earnings in an industry is bound to cause trouble. |
| 5. | Health depends to a great extent on housing and education, said Dr. A. who put forward the resolution asking that an extra $ 2,000 million a year should be provided initially. |
| 6. | The pragmatists argue that the president cannot afford to take the political risk of seeing hundreds of thousands of automobile workers thrown out of jobs because of foreign competition. They urge that the administration ask the Japanese government to restrain the level of Japanese automobile exports for three years. |
| 7. | The majority of people, should they be politicians, trade unionists of employers, are now all in favour of East-West trade. The problem today is how to break down the remaining barriers. |
| 8. | If Bonn should decide to buy less gas, it would certainly soften U.S. opposition. But if the West Germans conclude they need all the gas they are slated to get, there could be trouble. |
| 9. | Today's talks, therefore, will certainly lay down guide-lines for a Tory Manifesto should an early election materialize. |
| 10. | Objections to this plan, supposing there should be any, should be reported to the committee at once. |
| 11. | Accounting for about 40 per cent of OPEC production, Saudi Arabia currently enjoys enormous leverage over the market and its oilproducing colleagues. If it were to cut back sharply, however, sagging oil prices would almost certainly jump up once again. |
| 12. | The major U.S. auto companies lost an astonishing $ 4.2 billion this year. Of the three only General Motors is likely to show a profit next year. If the two weaker companies were to collapse, hundreds of thousands of jobs would be lost in the auto industry, alone, and perhaps a million jobs taking into account the industries that produce materials for cars such as steel and glass. |
| 13. | One of their fears is that the auto industry, if given relief, would increase prices rather than production. Another argument that they have used is that even if production were to increase, General Motors would pick up roughly 60 per cent of the lost Japanese sales and that would not provide enough help for Chrysler and Ford. |
| 14. | They had a special reason for preferring short-time - the low normal wastage at its works - but, again, fear of a strike if redundancies were declared also influenced the company. |
| 15. | Unemployment of those proportions, were it general, would be a national catastrophe. |
| 16. | Had the election campaign been still in progress the wage squeeze might have become an issue. |
| 17. | February's trade figures showed a $ 62 million deficit. There would have been an even worse result, had it not been for the $ 559 million that foreign businessmen invested in Britain. |
| 18. | The Prime Minister refused to be drawn yesterday into saying what he would do if his attempt to "renegotiate" the agreement were to fail. |
X РАЗДЕЛ
1. Конструкция типа if any, if anything служит для усиления значения и переводится средствами усиления характерными для русского языка. Например, словами: если и есть, то…, почти нет, пожалуй, вообще, во всяком случае, если уж на то пошло, как бы то ни было, скорее и т.п.
· The government has few funds, if any, to finance the project.
У правительства если и есть средства на финансирование этого проекта, то их очень мало. (У правительства почти нет средств…).
· Little, if anything, could be done to prop up the falling prices on the stock market.