Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов гуманитарных специальностей вузов Втрех частях (стр. 35 из 41)
91) В чем заключается причина вашего недовольства?
92) При объявлении результатов голосования среди членов Совета директоров возникло недовольство.
93) Возможность потерять работу тревожит многих людей, привыкших к гарантии трудоустройства.
94) Эти меры дадут дополнительные преимущества для оценки банковских ссуд, выдаваемых промышленным предприятиям.
95) Капитал, также как и навыки, которыми владеют люди, являются основой обеспечения богатства общества.
96) Греция предпринимает меры, обеспечивающие ее присоединение к общеевропейской валюте.
97) Западноевропейское законодательство имеет то преимущество, что оно было проверено и оказалось дееспособным.
98) У вас есть право продать активы компании.
99) Обычно успех гарантирован той компании, которая первой заняла нишу на рынке.
100) Деятельность всякой организации – это деятельность людей, направленная на достижение их целей.
Total: 100/_______
Chapter 9 NUMERALS
Entry test
1. Spell out the numbers.
1) 700, 000
2) 1,502
3) 500,097
4) 203,610
5) 4,500,700,000
2. Render the ways of reading the dates in speech.
1) 1100
2) 1999
3) 1905
4) 3000 B.C.
5) 2010
3. Give ordinals to the following cardinals.
| 1) two | 6) eighteen |
| 2) four | 7) nineteen |
| 3) five | 8) twenty |
| 4) eight | 9) twenty-one |
| 5) nine | 10) thirty |
4. Spell out the reading of the following numbers.
1) 325
2) 719
3) 3,077
4) 101 passengers
5) 600 men
6) Dial 7050 and ask for extension 90.
7) Borg leads in tennis by 30-0.
8) 1/8
9) 3/8
10) 1 4/9
11) 2/3 of the population
12) 220/408
13) 7/10 mile
14) 0.5
15) 3.375
16) 1600 B.C.
5. Proofread the following sentences for errors in expressions of numbers.
1) 3,042 voters selected Ross.
2) She was 45 years old.
3) I agree 99 %.
4) 135 men and 118 women joined the club last year.
5) A 3rd baby cried.
6) At the spring graduation ceremonies, the university awarded over 2,000 bachelors’s degrees.
7) Please, refer to page 184 in chapter six of your history book.
8) At 8 the gong sounded for supper.
9) The show was visited by 1.525 people.
10) Three thousands of pounds.
11) Eleven thousand a hundred visitors.
12) Paper measuring 14 by 17 inches can be used.
13) A sample schedule appears on page five.
14) Private property worth $2.500.000.
6. Translate into English (in writing). Spell out the numbers when necessary.
1) Ежегодно миллионы людей умирают от голода.
2) Я ему говорил это сотни раз.
3) Он заплатил несколько миллионов долларов.
4) Это пятый трамвай?
5) Прочитайте снова пятый урок.
6) Вы мне должны 281 доллар.
7) 7 – счастливое число.
8) Он живет в восьмой квартире.
9) 400 людей принимают участие в Конгрессе.
10) 42 доллара и двадцать пять центов покрыли все его расходы.
11) 13 человек были из Калифорнии.
12) Тебе понадобится дюжина (12) яиц, чтобы сделать этот торт.
13) Он был сто первым клиентом.
14) Я обычно еду на работу десятым автобусом.
15) На этой улице больше 250 домов.
16) В 358 г. до н.э. они завоевали остров.
17) 18 лет – это прекрасный возраст.
18) Книга была опубликована в семидесятых годах.
19) Они остались на четверть часа.
20) Десятая часть населения неграмотна.
_Total__/ 60
Numerals. Meaning and Use
The numeral is a part of speech indicating number absolutely (five centuries) or relatively to other persons and things in a series (the fifth century). Accordingly numerals are divided into cardinal and ordinal numerals (or cardinals and ordinals).
Cardinal numerals (one, two, five, etc.) indicate the exact number and are used in counting as in five books, or in reading indications as in page 6 (six), chapter 11 (eleven), No 24 (twenty-four), flat 51 (fifty-one). (Cf., however, Russian where both cardinals and ordinals are possible: страница шесть и страница шестая; глава одиннадцать и глава одиннадцатая; номер двадцать четыре и номер двадцать четвертый, квартира пятьдесят один и квартира пятьдесят первая).
Cardinals may be simple words (numerals from one to twelve and the words hundred, thousand and million), derivatives with the suffix -teen (from thirteen to nineteen) and –ty indicating tens as in twenty, thirty, etc., and composits spelt with a hyphen as twenty-one, thirty-two or written separately as two hundred and forty-five.
NOTE:
a) the use of the conjunction and in a composite after the word hundred before the last word, in this case it is forty-five.
b) the use of the words hundred, thousand, and million: when used of a definite number (or the word several) – they are never made plural: six hundred men, two hundred times, several million dollars (note also the lack of the preposition of in this case).
If these words are used to convey the idea of a large number, they must be made plural (note the use of the preposition of): hundreds of people; I’ve told him so hundreds of times. Millions of people die every year from starvation.The expressions dozen and score follow the same rules: a dozen eggs but dozens of eggs.
c) The plural forties denotes an age or a period between 40 and 50; similarly with fifties, sixties, etc.: She was a good-looking woman in her forties. The book was published in the seventies/in the ’70s/in the 1970s.
Ordinal numerals (first, second, etc.) show the order of persons and things. Ordinals (with exception of the first three – first, second, third) are formed by means of the suffix –th. Generally, they are used with the definite article: the sixth, the eighth but sometimes with the indefinite article when they do not show a definite order but have the meaning ‘one more’: a third baby cried.
Examples of cardinals and ordinals are presented in the following list.
0 nought, etc.
1 one 1st first
2 two 2ndsecond
3 three 3rd (3d) third
4 four 4th fourth
5 five 5th fifth
6 six 6th sixth
7 seven 7th seventh
8 eight 8th eighth
9 nine 9th ninth
10 ten 10th tenth
11 eleven 11th eleventh
12 twelve 12th twelfth
13 thirteen 13th thirteenth
14 fourteen 14th fourteenth
15 fifteen 15th fifteenth
16 sixteen 16th sixteenth
17 seventeen 17th seventeenth
18 eighteen 18th eighteenth
19 nineteen 19th nineteenth20 twenty 20th twentieth
21 twenty-one, etc. 21st twenty-first, etc.
30 thirty 30th thirtieth
40 forty 40th fortieth
100 one/a hundred 100th (one) hundredth
101 one/a hundred and one 101st (one) hundred and first
400 four hundred 400th four hundredth
1,000 one thousand 1,000th (one) thousandth
100,000 one/a hundred thousand100,000th (one) hundred thousandth
1,000,000 one/a million 1,000,000 (one) millionth
NOTE:
a) the irregular spelling of ordinal numerals fifth, eighth, ninth, and twelfth;
b) the suffixation of ordinal numbers expressed in figures – the last two letters of the written word must be added: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 3d, 4th.
How to say numbers
And
In British English, and is used before the last word which may be simple as in:
105 (read: a hundred and five);
101st (read: one hundred and first);
or a composite as in:
786 (read: seven hundred and eighty-six);
6, 234 (read: six thousand two hundred and thirty-four).
A and one
The words hundred, thousand and million can be used in the singular with a or one, but not alone. A is more common in an informal style, one is used when people are speaking more precisely. Compare:
I want to live for a hundred years.
The journey took exactly one hundred days.
I’ve saved a thousand pounds.
Pay the inspector of taxes one thousand pounds only (on a cheque).
At the beginning of a number only a is used. Compare:146 (read: a hundred and forty-six)
3,146 (read: three thousand, one hundred and forty-six)
They say ‘a thousad’ for the ‘round number 1,000’, and before and, but they say ‘one thousand’ before a number of hundreds. Compare:
1,000 (read: a thousand)
1,031 (read: a thousand and thirty-one);
1,100 (read: one thousand, one hundred)
1, 498 (read: one thousand, four hundred and ninety-eight).
Hundreds and thousands
With round numbers between 1,100 and 1,900 they often say ‘eleven hundred, twelve hundred’, etc. instead of ‘one thousand and hundred’, etc.
The reading of 0 (nought, zero, nil, o, love)
The figure 0 is normally read nought [no:t] in Br.E., and zero [zi-erou] in Am.E. It is replaced, in general use, by the negative determiner no or the pronoun none:
There were no survivors from the air disaster.
None of the passengers or crew survived.
In measurements (e.g., of temperature), 0 is called zero:
It’s five degrees below zero.
It’s 0° F (read: zero degrees Fahrenheit).
-8° C (read: eight degrees below zero Centigrade).
When numbers are said figure by figure (e.g., in telephone numbers), 0 is often called [ou] (like the letter o):
My account number is 41326069 (read: four one three two six o six nine).
Nil [nil] or nothing is used in football or other team-games:
Brazil won 4 – 0 (read: four nil/ (to) nothing).
Manchester three, Liverpool nil.
Love is used in tennis and similar games. (This expression is derived from the French l’oeuf, meaning ‘the egg’, presumably because zero is egg-shaped (0):
5 – 0, your service; (read: five – love).
The reading of datesThe year:
When reading or speaking the word hundred may be used but thousand is usually not:
He was born in 1957 (nineteen fifty-seven, or nineteen hundred and fifty-seven).
Years before the Christian era are followed by the letters B.C. (= before Christ). Years after the Christian era may be followed by the letters A.D. (= Anno Domini [Lat.: in the year of our Lord]):
1500 B.C. = fifteen hundred B.C. (in this case it is also possible to say one thousand five hundred B.C)
The days and months:
Though the days and months may be written in different ways:
He was born on 5 May
May 5
5th May
5th of May
May 5th (mostly AmE),
when reading or speaking they use ordinal numerals, so they say:
He was born on May the fifth or the fifth of May
Telling the time
Times of the clock are read out in full as follows:
At 5 at five (o’clock)
At 5.15 at five fifteen, at a quarter past five, at a quarter after five (AmE)
At 5.30 at five thirty, at half past five
At 5.45 at five forty-five, at a quarter to six, at a quarter of six (AmE)
At 5.50 at five fifty, at ten (minutes) to six
At 6.10 at ten (minutes) past six, at ten minutes after six (AmE); at six ten can be used when one is referring e.g. to a timetable.