Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов гуманитарных специальностей вузов Втрех частях (стр. 4 из 41)

5) I wonder where Tom was going, when you saw him.

6) Ethel didn’t come to the party. I wonder why not.

7) The weather is dull. There are only black clouds in the sky.

8) Where are you going to hang that picture?

4. Use the modal verb may followed by the appropriate infinitive.

1) She asked me if she … (to switch off) the radio: if she might switch off …

2) We wish your journey … (to be) successful.

3) Tell him he … (to warn) me and not (to put) me in such an awkward position.

4) The police … (to ask) a driver to take a breath test.

5) I’ll wait a week so that he … (to have) time to think it over.

6) He isn’t going to eat it; I … as well (to give) it to the dog.

7) You … at least (to read) the letter.

8) You … (to write). I’m very annoyed that you didn’t.

9) He said that we … (to use) his office whenever we liked.

10) I don’t think I’ll succeed but I … (to try) as well.

11) Two parallel white lines in the middle of the road mean that you … (not to overtake).

5. Read these situations and make up sentences with may/might as well.

1) A friend has invited you to a party. You’re not very keen to go but there isn’t anything else to do, so you think you should go. You say: I might as well go.

2) You are in a café with a friend. You’ve just finished your drinks. You’re not in a hurry, so you think you should both have another drink. You say: We… What would you like?

3) Someone has given you a free ticket for a concert. You are not very keen on the concert, but you think you should go because you have a free ticket. You say: I… It’s a pity to waste a free ticket.

4) You’ve invited some friends to dinner but they haven’t come. The dinner has been ready for half an hour and you think you should begin without them. You say: We… I don’t think they are coming.

6. How would you ask for permission in these situations?

1) You’re at a friend’s flat. You want to make a phone call. ~ Can I use your phone?

2) You need a calculator. The person sitting next to you has got one.

3) You have gone into a café. There people who you know from work were sitting at a table. You go over to the table.

4) You had to go to a lecture, but you were ill. Your friend went to the lecture and took notes. Next day you are well again and you see your friend.

7. Translate from Russian into English.

1) Право же, вы могли бы сделать это для меня.

2) Можете зайти к нам после семи, если хотите.

3) Ты могла бы, по крайней мере, посоветоваться с сестрой!

4) Оливер спросил, можно ли ему получить еще тарелку каши.

5) Больному стало лучше. Вы можете навестить его завтра.

6) Тебе можно быть и посерьезнее. Ты уже почти взрослый.

7) Она не была англичанкой, но ее можно было принять за нее.

8) Спроси их, можно мне пойти тоже с ними в поход?

9) Ты мог бы купить мне эту книгу! Ты знаешь, что она мне нужна.

10) Может быть, ей и не нравился новый учитель, но она его нисколько не боялась.

11) Может быть, на вас никто и внимания не обратит.

12) Где же мой паспорт? – Возможно, ты забыл его дома.

13) Возможно, его не было на лекции. – Но он говорит, что он там был.

14) Возможно, летом меня не будет в городе.

15) Он стоял довольно далеко от них и, возможно, не слышал их слов.

16) Может быть, он не знает, что ты серьезно болен.

17) У мальчика, возможно, высокая температура.

18) Его, возможно, забрали в больницу вчера.

19) Он, может быть, лежит в постели уже неделю.

20) Возможно, врач уже осмотрел всех больных, и его рабочий день подошел к концу.

21) У него, может быть, не было времени сегодня. Он, возможно, сделает это завтра.

22) Он, может быть, заболел. Он обычно очень рано встает.

23) Возможно, он боится, что ему сделают укол.

Unit 4 Must

Must has only one form. The expressions to have to and to be obliged to can be used to supply the missing tense forms of the verb must. Yet must can be used after a past reporting verb as if it were a past tense: The doctor said that I must stop smoking.

Must is mostly used to express obligation or urgent command, very emphatic advice. It is also used to express prohibition, and supposition, bordering on assurance.

§ 1 Must to express obligation and prohibition

1. Must expresses obligation, strong necessity:

a) arising out of the nature of things and consequently inevitable: Plants must get water. All experience shows that man must die.

b) due to circumstances (in this meaning it is equivalent to to have to): He must earn money.

NOTE: Must is not used expressing past necessity or future obligation.

Must occurs in questions to ask about what the hearer thinks is necessary. In this case must may acquire additional shades of duty or necessity: Must I clean all the rooms? Must he do it himself?

The absence of necessity is expressed by need not: Must I go there tomorrow? – No, you needn’t.

2. In negative sentences (must + not or mustn’t) the modal verb must expresses absolute prohibition. In the opinion of the speaker, there is not choice at all: You mustn’t make noise. The children are sleeping in the next room. You must not smoke here!

§ 2 Must to express a command and

an emphatic request

Must is used to express a command, an urgent (emphatic) request:

You must go. You must tell the truth. (‘It is your duty’ = a command).

You may borrow my book but you must bring it back before six. You must come to see us = (emphatic request).

When you are in London you must visit the National Gallery. You must stop smoking = (strong advice)

NOTE: I must be going means ‘I must be off’, ‘It’s time for me to go.’ It is rendered in Russian as: Мне пора уходить.

§ 3 Must to express supposition

Must is used to express supposition bordering on assurance, the conclusion that something is certain or highly probable: He looks so pale. He must be ill.

1. In this meaning must is used with all the forms of the Infinitive (the Indefinite Infinitive if the action refers to the present and the Perfect Infinitive if the action refers to the past) in affirmative sentences only. It corresponds to the Russian должно быть:

They must want me for something else.

He must be suffering!

What a comfort you must have been to your mother!

She must have been waiting for us for an hour!

2. To express supposition referring to the future the modal word probably is used: She will probably come tomorrow.

In negative sentences supposition is expressed by means of the modal word evidently: Evidently, she did not know my address.

Moreover, must + verbs to fail, to distrust, to dislike, to disapprove, to disbelieve, to misunderstand or words nobody, never, nothing are used to convey supposition with strong probability with negative meaning: She must have failed to pass her exams. – Должно быть, она провалила экзамен. I must have misunderstood you. – Должно быть, я не понял Вас. Nobody must have told the truth. – Должно быть, никто не сказал правду.

§ 4 Compare must and may for supposition and

prohibition

Notice some peculiarities in the usage of must and may:

1. May/might denotes supposition implying uncertainty: He may be an actor. His face is familiar to me. Наверное, он актер. Его голос мне знаком.

Must denotes supposition implying strong probability: He must be an actor. His voice carries so well. – Должно быть, он актер, у него поставленный голос.

2. In negative sentences it is impossible to use ‘may not’ as an answer to express prohibition. In this case must not or cannot is used: May I smoke here? ~ No, you mustn’t (you can’t). – Нет, нельзя.

E x e r c i s e s

1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the modal verbs must and may. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) Harry, you are horrible! You mustn’t say these dreadful things. – It is a strong prohibition.

2) Nothing must be done in a hurry.

3) You and I are friends, Basil, and we must always remain so.

4) I’m afraid I must be going, Peter.

5) ‘Perhaps he’s her son…’ ‘He may be her husband’. ‘Oh, but the difference in their ages!’

6) What you tell me may be true, but it happened many years ago.

7) He must have got this wound at the same moment when his horse was shot and fell over him.

8) Mr. Graham may have changed since then. It is very difficult to foresee anything.

9) ‘May I escort you home?’ – ‘No, you may not.’

10) ‘May I smoke in here?’ – ‘No, you mustn’t!’

2. Answer these questions using the modal verb must + a notional verb.

1) ‘Is he British?’ – Yes, he must be British.

2) ‘Are they married?’ – Yes, they must …

3) ‘Is he serious?’ – No, …

4) ‘Were they in a hurry?’ – …

5) ‘Does Ann know a lot of people?’ – …

6) ‘Did Agnes know about that plan?’ – …

7) ‘Do they have much money?’ – …

8) ‘Was he driving carefully?’ – …

9) ‘Are they waiting for somebody?’ – …

3. Read these situations and make up a sentence using the modal must with the proper form of the infinitive.

1) The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (to be asleep) I must have been asleep.

2) That dress you bought is of very good quality. (to be very expensive)

3) I haven’t seen Jim for ages. (to go away)

4) I wonder where my umbrella is. (to leave)

5) Don passed the examination. (to work hard)

6) She knew everything about our plans. (to overhear)

7) Jennifer did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (to misunderstand)

8) When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (to forget)

9) I don’t understand how the accident happened. (to be out of order)

4. Change the following sentences, making them opposite in meaning.

1) She must have understood that rule, the exercise is done well. - She must have failed to understand that rule, the exercise is done in the wrong way. or She must have misunderstood…

2) Everybody must have noticed that he was not used to speaking in public.

3) He must have written to them of his arrival in due time.

4) She must have bolted the door forgetting that I was to come later.

5) He must have a fair chance of winning, he is in good form.

6) The man must have understood me, so he nodded his head.

5. Fill in the gaps using the modal verbs may or must with the proper infinitive.

1) There are a lot of photographers at the airport today. They must (be) expecting someone famous to arrive.

2) It … (be) a film star who’s come to the film festival.

3) Oh, look! Those three men they are enormous. They … (be) over two meters tall.

4) They … (be) basketball players. Our team has signed a contract with some new American players. It … be them.

5) They are so big! They … (have) a very uncomfortable flight.

6. Translate from Russian into English.

1) Анна, должно быть, заболела, иначе, она была бы уже в театре, она никогда не приходит в последний момент.

2) ‘Где Павел?’ ~ ‘Не знаю, возможно, пошел на концерт’. ~ ‘Ну, это не очень любезно с его стороны: он мог бы взять билет и для меня’.

3) Никого сюда не впускать! Понятно!

4) Детей надо учить плавать как можно раньше.

5) Мы должны пойти домой до того как стемнеет.

6) Прекрати шуметь, уже поздно!

7) Тебе нельзя есть мороженое – у тебя больное горло.

8) Хватит рыдать! Слезами горю не поможешь.

9) Мы обязательно должны встретиться и обсудить все тонкости этого дела.

10) Уж он непременно должен быть в курсе всех событий!

11) Иностранец, очевидно, неправильно произнес название этого кушанья, и официант принес ему совсем другое.

12) Вы, должно быть, не в курсе дела, план какой программы изменился?

13) Вам, наверное, ничего об этом не сказали. Иначе вы бы пришли ранее.

14) Она, наверное, все знала, но не хотела меня расстраивать.

15) Очевидно, она сердита на вас, поэтому она не звонит и не заходит.

16) Он, наверняка, не знает о вашем отъезде, а то бы пришел вас проводить.