Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов гуманитарных специальностей вузов Втрех частях (стр. 36 из 41)
Fractions
Fractions are read out in full as follows:
Simple fractions are expressed by using ordinal numbers (third/s, fourth/s, fifth/s, etc.):
1/2 (a) half They stayed (for) a half hour / half an hour
1/4 a quarter They stayed (for) a quater of an hour1/10 a/one tenth a tenth of the population
3/4 three quarters three quaters of an hour
2/3 two-thirds two thirds of the population
11/2 one and a half one and a half hours or an hour and a half
31/5 three and a/one fifth three and a fifth inches
NOTE:
a) the expression one and a half takes a plural noun (e.g. one and a half kilometers);
b) expressions like ¾ hour, 7/10 mile are said ‘three quarters of an hour, seven tenths of a mile’.
More complex fractions are often expressed by using the word over: 317/509 – three hundred and seventeen over five hundred and nine.
Decimals are read out in full, with each figure separate.
NOTE: they use a full stop (called ‘point’), not a comma, before the fraction:
2.5 – two point five
3.14 – three point one four (three point fourteen)
0.78 – point seventy-eight (point seven eight) or nought point seventy-eight (US: zero point seventy-eight)
How to write numbers
In writing numerals may be spelled out or be represented by figures: Boing 567.
NOTE:
In writing, commas (but not full stops) are used to separate thousands: 100, 456; 1,000,000; 1,908,367,849.
Numerals in figures or in letters?
Although there is no definite rule, there are some guidelines that should be followed.
Usually most writers spell out numbers under 100 (as one, two, the third, for seven years, forty-five years old) and use figures for 100 and over (286 buildings). But large numbers are spelled out: The house was sold for $1 million.A number that starts a sentence should always be spelled out, even if it is over 100: Three thousand forty-four voters selected Teresa.
Whenever mentioning parts of a book (page numbers, sections, chapters, exercises), figures are used: The teacher assigned exercise 12 on page 235.
In special or technical texts cardinals and ordinals should always be indicated by figures.
Calculations
1. Addition
In small additions, they usually say and for +, and is or are for = :
Two and two is/are four.
Six and five is/are eleven.
What’s the eight and six?
In larger additions (and in more formal style) they use plus for + and equals or is for = :
Seven hundred and twelve plus a hundred and forty-five is (equals) eight hundred and fifty-seven.
2. Subtraction
In conversational style, dealing with small numbers, people say:
Four from seven leaves/is three.
Seven take away four leaves/is three.
In a more formal style, or dealing with larger numbers, minus and equals are used:
Six hundred and nineteen minus four hundred and twenty-eight equals a hundred and ninety-one.
3. Multiplication
In small calculations, the most common approach is to say three fours, six sevens, etc, and to use are for = :
Three fours are twelve.
Six sevens are forty-two. In larger calculations, there are several possibilities. One way is to say times for × , and is or makes for = :Seventeen times three hundred and eighty-one is/makes six thousand, four hundred and seventy-seven.
In a more formal style, they say multiplied by and equals:
17 multiplied by 381 equals 6, 477.
4. Division
The simplest way is to use divided by and equals:
Two hundred and sixty-one divided by nine equals twenty-nine.
But in smaller calculations, people might say, for example:
Three into nine goes three (times).
Example of a spoken calculation
Here is a multiplication 146 × 281 (a hundred and forty-six times two hundred and eighty-one), together with all its steps, in the words that an English speaker might say as he was doing it.
146
281
29200
11680
146
41026
1. Put down two noughts.
2. Two sixes are twelve; put down 2 and carry 1; two fours are eight and one are nine; two ones are two.
3. (Next line). Put down one nought.
4. Eight sixes are forty-eight; put down 8 and carry 4; eight fours are thirty-two and four is thirty-six; put down 6 and carry 3; eight ones are eight and three is eleven.
5. (next line) One times 146 is 146.
6. (The addition) Six and nought and nought is six; eight and four
and nought is twelve; put down 2 and carry 1; six and two are
eight and one is nine and is ten; put down 0 and carry 1; nine
and one are ten and one is eleven; put down 1 and carry 1; two and one are three and one are four.
7. (Total) forty-one thousand and twenty-six.
(the example is taken from /Michael Swan. Practical English Usage.– OUP, 1986/).
E x e r c i s e s
1. Practise reading the following dates.
28 February, 1 May, 25 October, 29 March, 17 August, 25 December
56 B.C., 97 A.D., 878, 1001, 1604, 1917, 1989, 2000, 2005, 1900.
2. Practise reading the following numbers.
105; 189; 200; 247; 967; 1,300; 5,698; 7, 987, 009; 476,309,254.
3. Practise reading the telephone numbers.
76 907 3457; 0854 75499; 2234 06534; 245 3890; 2006 19857; 203 5678; 3389 9877; 4556 5678. Dial 7050 and ask for extension 90.
4. Answer the questions.
1) What’s the date today?
2) When’s your birthday?
3) What’s your date of birth?
4) When’s Christmas Eve?
5) When’s New Year’s Day?
6) What’s the population of your country?
7) What’s your address?
8) What’s the rate of unemployment in your country?
9) What’s the exchange rate between Euro and your currency?
10) What’s your telephone number?
5. Proofread the following sentences for errors in expressions of numbers.
1) We expected 329 members to attend the 3rd annual convention.
2) During the past 10 years, I have moved 22 times.
3) Paula won $2,000,000 as 1st prize in the lottery.
4) The revolutions of the 1840s were a turning point in 19th century European history.
5) 1,139 students attended the rally.
6) We found 4 case studies in section eight of the first-year law book.
7) When she was a schoolgirl, she had a 3.2 average.
8) 225 people died in a plain crash.
9) They bought 12 chairs.
10) It is reported that 3 more soldiers were killed today in Iraq.
11) 135 men and 118 women joined the club last year.
12) A few minutes later a 3rd man entered the room.
13) At the spring graduation ceremonies, the university awarded over 2,000 bachelors’s degrees.
6. Practise reading numerals. Say what numerals are recommended to be written out and why.
Hello, and good evening.
It is feared that 182 people may have died in a plane crash this morning. The accident happened at 7.20. It was flight 409, going from Singapore to New York. The plane had covered ¾ of the 12,000 mile trip, and had stopped to refuel. Eye witnesses said that the plane had reached its take-off speed of 150 mph when a fire broke out in the rear engine. 106 people managed to escape the blaze.
672 car workers walked out on strike today in Coventry. They had asked for a pay rise of 8.7%, but the management said they could only offer 5 1/2 %. This would mean an extra ₤7.50 per week. A union spokesman said ‘It’s not enough’.
A man armed with a shotgun held up cashiers at the National Bank today and stole ₤ 5,500. Police have appealed for witnesses. The number to ring is 0106 744391.
Unemployment figures were released today. Last month there were 3,649,712 registered unemployed. That’s 14.5% of the work force. Over the past year this number has increased by over 260,000.
And that’s the end of tonight’s news. Good night.
7. Practise reading numerals.
(A) If A is the amount of sales for store T in 1999, then 0.08 A is the amount of decrease and A – 0.008 A = 0.92 A is the amount of sales for 2000. Therefore the desired result can be obtained by dividing A by 0.92 A, which equals 1/0.92 or approximately 109 %.
(B) The home valued at $54,000 has 1 1/5 the value of the $45,000 home. Since the one valued at $45,000 is taxed at $1,200, the tax on the $54,000 home should be 1 1/5 × $1,200, or $1,200 + 1/5 ($1,200), which is $1,200 + $240 = $1,440.
8. Translate into English.
1) Пятьдесят одна книга.
2) Сто человек.
3) Триста семьдесят одно заявление.
4) Шестьсот человек.
5) Миллион алых роз.
6) Сотни людей приезжают сюда ежегодно.
7) 427 520
8) 2 000 покупателей.
9) Двадцать один день.
10) 23 000.
11) 1 250.
12) Тысяча первый турист.
13) Англия выиграла футбольный матч 4 : 0.
14) Пятьдесят килограммов.
15) Триста автомобилей.
16) Шестьдесят один грамм.
17) Два миллиона двести тысяч сто одна тонна.
18) Сотни ящиков.
19) Три тысячи один рубль.
20) Трое моих друзей.
Progress Test
1. Spell out the numbers.
1) 503; 2) 6,015; 3) 7,140; 4) 1,910; 5) 2,106.
2. Render the ways of reading the dates in speech.
1) 1900; 2) 1984; 3) 1601; 4) 2000; 5)2003
3. Give ordinals to the following cardinals.
1) one 2) three 3) five 4) nine 5) twelve 6) nineteen 7) forty 8) one hundred 9) one hundred and one 10) four hundred
4. Translate into English. Spell out the numbers when necessary.
1) В библиотеке два миллиона книг.
2) Миллионы людей будут наблюдать за Олимпийскими играми в Греции.
3) «Миллион алых роз» – ее любимая песня.
4) Я поеду десятым автобусом.
5) Откройте книгу на странице 57.
6) 1001 ночь.
7) У Джона третья часть, а у меня две трети акций.
8) Седьмая глава самая интересная.
9) 5245 голосов было для него достаточно, чтобы победить в выборах.
10) Работа завершена на 9/10.
11) 210 гостей прибыли из разных частей страны.
12) Дюжины яблок лежали под деревом.
13) 11 000 человек составляют население этого города.
14) Ему было только 54, но он выглядел очень старым.
15) Я уже прочитал более 450 страниц.
16) Это случилось в 309 году до нашей эры.
17) Он зарабатывает более миллиона в год.
18) Ей где-то от 40 до 50 лет.
19) Они остались на полчаса.
20) Две трети населения проголосовали за него.
Total:40/ ___
K E Y S
MODAL VERBS
Entry test
Unit 2
1.
1) I could read when I was four years old, but I couldn’t write very well.
2) His writing was so bad that I could not read his letter at first, but with an effort I was able to make out what he said.
3) We couldn’t afford to pay for our journey across Africa, but we were able to make it in the end because the bicycle firm could lend us the money.
4) When he arrived in Africa, no one could tell Stanley if Livingstone was alive or dead, but after a long journey, we were able to find him.
5) He can’t have been puzzled by such a simple question.
6) She can’t have been making notes of what he said.
7) He can’t possibly feel more dead than alive.
8) She can’t be keeping to a milk diet.
9) He can’t have been cured of pneumonia so quickly.
10) Where can Silvia be hiding? – I’m looking for her everywhere!
Unit 3
2.
11) May go to Italy
12) May buy a Sedan
13) She may be at her musical classes
14) He may be having his shower
15) He may be out
16) She may be meeting with her friends
3.
17) She might have been crying.
18) She might be interviewed.
19) He might have got a cold.
20) She might be giving injections to the patients.
7.
21) may 22) may, 23) may, 24) could, 25) could, 26) can’t, 27) have been able to, 28) was able to, 29) can.
Unit 4
8.
30) She must have been quite unconscious.
31) The telegram, probably, didn’t come in time.
32) She must have been very careless.
33) They must have misinformed us about the road.
34) The students can’t have passed the tests. They must have misunderstood the rules.
35) The dog, probably, didn’t recognise his master.
36) He wasn’t, probably, very experienced in sailing navigation.
9.
37) The doctor must be examining the patient.
38) She must be preparing her report now.
39) I will not bother you any longer; you must be tired of my talking.
40) Nancy must have been giving her impressions of England for an hour already.
41) They must have been treating him for pneumonia for a month.
10.
42) You must have failed to recognize me, and that is why, you didn’t come up to me.
43) You must have never tried to do it, otherwise you wouldn’t say it was easy.
44) She must have got ill, otherwise she would have been at her office.
45) It must be more difficult than you believed.
46) The light is not on in the house. There must be no one in again.
47) I must be off.
48) You have got many mistakes. You must pay more attention to your grammar.
49) This problem must be dealt with immediately.
Unit 5
11.