Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов гуманитарных специальностей вузов Втрех частях (стр. 6 из 41)
2) Позавчера я должен был встречать мою сестру, но мои часы, должно быть, отстали, и я опоздал.
3) Я должен ждать его здесь, так было решено.
4) Ей суждено было побывать в этих краях еще много раз, и она это знала.
5) Это должно было случиться. Никто не мог этому помешать.
6) Что теперь с ним будет? Куда ему идти? Что ему делать?
7) Хранить в прохладном месте, верхний клапан убирать нельзя. (инструкция)
8) Принимать по одной чайной ложке 2 раза в день после еды. (инструкция)
9) Если нам надо успеть до начала сеанса, то следует поспешить.
10) Мы с вами договорились, что вы ничего не должны говорить!
Unit 8 Must, to have to, and to be to
in comparison
Notice specific shades in the meaning of must, to have to, to be to.
1. Must indicates obligation imposed by the speaker: You must wipe your feet when you come in.
To have to expresses external obligation: I have to wipe my feet every time I come in.
To be to describes obligation resulting from an arrangement: I’m to wait for her at the entrance.
Note: Sometimes the idea of obligation is absent and to be to expresses only a previously arranged plan: He is to go to the office this morning.
2. Don’t have to refers to an absence of obligation: You don’t have to work tomorrow.
Must not refers to an obligation not to do something: You must not leave the room before the end of the exam.
3. Must is found to express obligation imposed by internal authorities: Visitors must not feed the animals.-(at the Zoo)
To have to is used to express obligation imposed by external authority: You will have to cross the line by the footbridge.
4. Must has no past forms. But it is used in Reported Speech: He said he must do it himself.
Had to denotes an action in the past as a result of obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances: I had to sell my car (I needed money).
Was/were to denote a planned action for the future which is viewed from the past: We were to meet him at the station (It’s not clear from the sentence if the action will take place).
Was/were to + Perfect Infinitive make it clear at once that the plan was not carried out: We were to have met him at the station. (But we didn’t meet)
E x e r c i s e s
1. Comment on the meaning and the form of the verbs need, have to, be to.
1) Don’t forget to bring the book tomorrow, I need it for my report – it refers to immediate necessity.
2) You may keep the money I’ve given you, I don’t need it .
3) ‘Must I go there immediately?’ – ‘No, you needn’t. Wait till I ring you up.’
4) Need you bother about such trifles?
5) You will have to leave at six to catch the train.
6) We all have to learn how the world changes every day.
7) You saw me, and I had to tell you what had happened.
8) I don’t know what I’m to do.
9) We are to see her tonight, if that boy doesn’t forget about his appointment.
2. Replace the words in bold type by need not/need etc, or a negative/ interrogative have to form.
1) I’ve been invited to a wedding; but I can’t go. Will it be necessary for me to send a present? Shall I have to send a present?
2) It isn’t necessary for him to go on working. He had already reached retiring age.
3) Was it necessary for you to wait a long time for your bus?
4) It is not necessary for me to water my tomato plants every day.
5) It will be necessary for them to get up early when they go out to work every day.
3. Change the following sentences into the negative and interrogative.
1) Mother has to cook dinner after work. – Does your mother have to cook? – No, my mother doesn’t have to cook.
2) He had to sit up late with his work.
3) You will have to get up early tomorrow.
4) The girl had to take care of her younger sisters and brothers.
5) She will have to do it once over again.
6) These documents have got to be filled in.
7) They had to cover the whole distance on foot.
8) Richard has got to finish his translation.
9) We shall have to speak to him about it.
4. Fill in the blanks with must or have to with the proper form of the Infinitive.
1) The man warned us that the place was dangerous to bathe in and we had to look for a safer spot.
2) When I asked him why he was so late, he told me that he had missed an earlier train and … wait for another one.
3) I told you we … make haste if we wanted to find him in.
4) She … leave him at eight every morning at present.
5) Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas … be left at the desk.
6) He sees very badly: he … wear glasses all the time.
7) I ... do all the typing at my office.
5. Write a sentence with must, have to to respond to the remarks.
1) The sign says: ‘Passengers must show their tickets!’ So passengers have to show their tickets.
2) The children have to be in bed by nine. Their parents said:
3) Laura has to get to work on time.
4) The police told Nick: ‘You must keep your dog under control.’
5) The students have to listen carefully.
6) The new sign says: ‘Visitors must report to the security officer.’
6. Put in must or have to. Choose which is the best for the situation.
1) I have to go to the airport. I’m meeting someone.
2) You … lock the door when you go out. There’ve been a lot of break-ins recently.
3) Jennifer … go to the bank. She hasn’t any money.
4) I … work late tomorrow. We’re very busy at the office.
5) You really … make less noise. I’m trying to concentrate.
6) I think you … pay to park here. I’ll just go and read that notice.
7) You rally … hurry up, Vicky. We don’t want to be late.
8) I … put the heating on. I feel really cold.
7. Insert to have or to be in the appropriate form.
1) I told you to stay with her every minute I was away. You are not to be trusted.
2) There were thirty poems in the collection and he … to receive a dollar apiece for them.
3) You … to speak slowly at your lecture so that we can all understand you.
4) The night-coach by which Susan … to go was on the point of departure.
5) The time was fixed for his sailing. It … to take place almost immediately.
6) Much remained to be done; many domestic preparations … to be made.
7) I’m very sorry but I … to explain the urgency of the case.
8. Complete this article about learning to drive in Britain. Put in a positive or negative form of be allowed to or have to.
In Britain you are allowed to drive a car when you're seventeen. You (1) ..... get a special two-year driving licence before you can start. When you're learning, someone with a full licence always (2) ..... be in the car with you because you (3) ..... take the car on the road alone. You (4) ..... go to a driving school or a friend can teach you. The person with you (5) ..... take money for the lesson unless he's got a teacher's licence.
Before you (6) ..... have a full licence, you (7) ..... take a driving test. You can take a test in your own car, but it (8) ..... be fit for the road. In the test you (9) ..... drive round for about half an hour and then answer a few questions. If you don't pass the test, you (10) ..... take it again a few weeks later if you want to. In 1970 a woman passed her fortieth test after 212 driving lessons! When you’ve passed your test, you (11) ..... take it again, and you (12) ..... go on driving as long as you like, provided you are fit. Britain’s oldest driver was a Norfolk man who drove in 1974 at the age of 100.
Before 1904 everyone (13) ..... drive, even children. Then from 1904 motorists (14) ..... have a licence. But they (15) ..... take a test until 1935. In the early days of motoring, before 1878, cars (16) ..... go faster than four miles an hour, and someone (17) ..... walk in front of the car with a red flag.
9. Write a few sentences about learning to drive in your country.
10. Translate from Russian into English.
1) Он отказался от идеи стать актером. Так было суждено.
2) Я не знал в то время, что ему суждено было стать знаменитым артистом.
3) Они надеялись работать в одной школе. Но этому не суждено было сбыться.
4) Куда мне деваться? Что мне делать? Что со мной будет?
5) Кто будет украшать новогоднюю ёлку?
6) Кто виноват?
7) У нас поставили телефон, и нам теперь не нужно ходить к соседям.
8) Вам незачем идти на улицу; у соседей есть телефон.
9) У нас теперь построили стадион, и детям не приходится ездить далеко.
10) Им незачем ездить так далеко; можно заниматься в нашем читальном зале.
11) Можешь не отвечать на этот вопрос, если не хочешь!
12) Тебе не нужно отвечать на все вопросы письменно.
13) Если ничего серьезного не будет, можешь не звонить.
14) Не обязательно вам приходить самому. Можете прислать кого-нибудь.
15) Пойдемте пешком. Нам незачем торопиться.
16) Ему незачем беспокоиться. Все будет в порядке.
17) Нам не нужно было ходить в библиотеку. У нас были все необходимые книги.
18) К вечеру зуб перестал болеть, и он решил, что ему не надо идти к врачу.
19) Нам нужно будет позвонить вам или вы сами придете?
20) Много ли вам пришлось потратить времени на эту работу?
Unit 9 Should and ought to
§ 1 Should and ought to in comparison
Should and ought to are very much alike in meaning and are often interchangeable.
Ought to has more stress on the meaning of moral obligation, whereas should is common in instructions and corrections.
1. Should/ought to are used to talk about
· obligation, duty and similar ideas: You shouldn’t say things like that. You ought to know it.
· advice: You ought to read this book. You should read this book. It is very interesting.
NOTE: Should may acquire additional shades of meaning, such as desirability: It’s late. You should go to bed.· in formal notices and on information sheets: Students should be prepared to answer questions on this point.
NOTE: Ought to is not used in this case.
· assumption about present or past actions. The plane should be landing now (I expect it is landing).
The letter should have arrived by now (I expect it has arrived).
2. Should/ought to + Continuous Infinitive express the idea that the subject is not fulfilling his obligations or that he is acting rashly or foolishly: He ought to be studying for the exams. He shouldn’t be playing baseball for hours.
3. Should/ought to + Perfect Infinitive in:
a) an affirmative sentence indicates an unfulfilled or neglected action in the past: He looks very ill. He should have stayed at home.
b) a negative sentence means that an undesirable action was carried out: They shouldn’t have concealed it from us.
§ 2 Must, should, and ought to in comparison
Notice some peculiarities in the shades of meanings of must, should, ought to:
1. Should/ought to express obligation or advisability. Must in this meaning sounds too forceful and peremptory: You should do it at once. You ought to do it at once. You must do it at once.
2. Should / ought to + Perfect Infinitive show that the action has not been fulfilled though it was desirable: You should have helped him. (But you didn’t do that)
3. Must + Perfect Infinitive denotes conclusions about the past: He must have come by taxi. (I suppose)
§3 Emotional should: in subordinate clauses,
emphatic constructions
1. Should is found in:
· that-clauses after adjectives and nouns expressing the importance (important, necessary, vital, essential, eager, anxious, concerned, wish): It is important that she should talk to me when she gets here. Is it necessary that my uncle should be informed? It is his wish that the money should be given to charity
· object clauses:
a) following the principal clause with it as a formal subject after such expressions as (it is wonderful, absurd, monstrous, natural, old, queer, strange, terrible, etc): It is absurd that such things should happen to me. It was strange that he should be asking those questions
b) beginning with why: I don’t know why we shouldn’t make friends.
· rhetorical questions beginning with why: Why should I do that? It’s rendered in Russian as: с какой стати…? Why shouldn’t you have dinner with us?
· attributive clauses beginning with why after the noun ‘reason’: I don’t see any reason why we shouldn’t be happy.
· subordinate clauses after words expressing personal judgements and reactions: It’s astonishing that she should say that sort of things to you. I’m sorry you should think I did it on purpose