Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 16 из 60)

Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÃðð èõü – Я делаю свою работу.

ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ò¨îÚðð – Мною сделана моя работа.

Ùðô»ð¨îð÷ (Ùðô»ð÷) ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ¡µ¶ð âð±ðÃðð èø – Мне моя работа нравится.

Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð Ððèóü èð÷Ãðð – Мною моя работа не делается.

Во всех четырех предложениях местоимение ¡ÑðÐðð заменило Ùð÷Üð.

Но в предложении наподобие –

Ùðô»ðçð÷ Ùð÷Ü÷ Øððýá Ðð÷ ¨îèð – Мне мой брат сказал –

Ùð÷Ü÷ не может быть заменено на ¡ÑðÐð÷.

¡ÑðÐðð иногда используется для обозначения ÃðôÙèðÜð (или Ãð÷Üð) = + èÙððÜð (или Ùð÷Üð) в таких предложениях как:

Úðè Ùð¨îðÐð ¡ÑðÐðð èó èø – Этот дом наш (ваш и мой), где говорящий человек включен в ¡ÑðÐðð либо фактически, или из дружелюбия, или смирения со стороны говорящего (дом, фактически, принадлежит одному говорящему).

Дальнейшее расширение "дружелюбия или смирения" достигается во фразе:

Úðè Ùð¨îðÐð ¡ðÑð¨îð èó èø (Этот дом ведь Ваш) вместо Úðè Ùð¨îðÐð Ùð÷Üð èø (Этот дом мой).

Однако, ¡ÑðÐðð используется как усилительное прилагательное (собственный), определяющее формы на -¨îð или –Üð, за которыми оно неизменно следует:

ÜðÙð ¨îð ¡ÑðÐðð ³ðÜ – собственный дом Рамы;

Ùð÷Üó ¡ÑðÐðó ò¨îÃðð×ð – моя собственная книга;

ÃðôÙèðÜ÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¨îÑðÀÿ÷ – твоя собственная одежда и т.д..

(a) Adjectives ending in ¡ð (including Possessive Adjectives change to ýá when qualifiying a Feminine Nown in any case or number:

¡µ¶ð âðÀÿ¨îð `a good boy`, but ¡µ¶ó âðÀÿ¨îó `a good girl`; ¡µ¶ó âðÀÿò¨îÚððü, ¡µ¶ÿó âðÀÿ¨îó ¨îð÷, ¡µ¶ó âðÀÿò¨îÚðð÷ü ¨îð÷, similarly Ùð÷Üó ò¨îÃðð×ð, Ùð÷Üó ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü, Ùð÷Üó ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùð÷ü, Ùð÷Üó ò¨îÃðð×ðð÷ü Ùð÷ü etc.

The ¡ð changes to ¦ when the Adjective is qualifying a Masculine Noun either in the oblique form or in the Plural (Direct Oblique) : ¡µ¶÷ÿ âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷, ¡µ¶÷ âðÀÿ¨÷î `good boys`, ¡µ¶÷ âðÀÿ¨îð÷ü ¨îð÷, Ùð÷Ü÷ Øððýá ¨îð÷, Ùð÷Ü÷ Øððýáû ` my brothers`, Ùð÷Ü÷ ØððýüÚðð÷ü ¨îð÷ etc. A few A¡ð - Adjectives are excepted from this rule: çðãðð `one and a quarter`, ×ðòÁÿÚðð`of superior quality`, ³ðò¾Úðð `of inferior quality`, £ÙðÇð `nice`, Çôò®ðÚðð `unhappy, unfortunate`. All the other Adjectives (âððâð `red`, ØððÜó `heavy` etc.) remain unchanged: âððâð ¨îÑðÀÿð (masc.) `red cloth`, âððâð ¨îÑðÀÿ÷, `red cloths`, âððâð çððÀÿó `red sari`. Case-signs are attached only to the Nouns, the Adjective having only the oblique form: ¡µ¶÷ âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷, Ùð÷Ü÷ Øððýá çð÷, èÙððÜ÷ äðèÜ Ùð÷ü, £çð ¡ðÇÙðó çð÷, Ùðô©Ãð ÇóÐð ÑðÜ, èÙð ±ðÜó×ðð÷ü ¨îð÷ but see :- Adjectives denoting quality, number and quantity may be used as Nouns, when they are affected by Case and Number in the same way as Nouns ×ðÀÿð÷ü Ðð÷, ¶ð÷¾ð÷ü çð÷, ýÃðÐð÷ çð÷, ¦¨î Ðð÷, µððÜ Ðð÷, ×ðèôÃðð÷ü ¨îð÷, ¶ð÷ò¾Úðð÷ü ¨îð÷, ×ðôÜó çð÷; ¡ÑðÐðð used as a Noun denotes `a thing`, or person belonging to oneself, ¨ôî¶., however, does not change: ¨ôî¶ Ùð÷ü (Plural).

(a) attached to the oblique form of a Noun or a Pronoun denotes `like`, which then functions as an Adjective :

±ððÚð-çðð cow-like`, ¨ôîÄð÷-çðð `dog-like`, Ùðô»ð-çðð `me-like`, ÃðôÙð-çðð `you-like`,

£Ðð-çðð `them-like`.

The çðð of these Adjectives changes in the oblique and the Feminine like ordinary ¡ð-Adjectives.

For further use of ¨îð, See:- A Noun or Pronoun + ¨îð and the corresponding forms of Ùð÷Üð, Ãð÷Üð etc. are, in fact, adjectives (eding in- ¡ð).

ÜðÙð ¨îó ò¨îÃðð×ð is `Ram-owned book`, and

çðð÷Ðð÷ ¨îð ¨îÀÿð is `gold-made bangle`.

It is due to the adjectival nature of these ¨îð, Üð forms that they change to ¨îó, Üó, ¨÷î and Ü÷ as all -¡ð ending adjectives do.

Vocative Case

The vocative case, i.e., the form of a Noun used for addressing or calling a person, such as Ram, come here! has no relation with the other words in the sentence. Ram is, in fact, itself an independent sentence conveying such ideas as `listen to me`, `pay attention!`, `be careful!` `don`t do it!` etc. in accordance with the situation and teh intonation of the vocative word. The vocative form is identical with the oblique, except that in the plural, ¡ð÷ü loss its nasalization. There are no case-signs but certain Interjections (¡ð÷) âðÀÿ¨÷î ! Boy!` (¡ð÷) âðÀÿ¨îð÷ `Boys!`

(¦) âðÀÿ¨îó ! Girl!` (¡ð÷) âðÀÿò¨îÚðð÷ `Girls!`

è÷ ýáäãðÜ ! `O God!` ¡Ü÷ Ððóµð `O wretch!`.

But µððµðð! `Uncle!` ÇðÇð ! `Grandpa! etc. do not change.

Note: The nasalized (-¡ð÷ü) forms should never be used for vocative plural, as is sometimes done by careless writers.

CHAPTER XVI

``A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun``. It functions as a Noun, except that it cannot be used as the name of a person or a thing. It is ``used instead of a Noun that is used elsewhere or is suggested by the context. Thus it permits us to avoid the unpleasant repetition of a Noun or the unnecessary naming of a person (or thing) that is already known``. (Curme).

A Hindi Pronoun is, like a Noun, affected by Number and case, but not by Gender (which is indicated by the verbal forms, or by the Adjectives).

In Hindi, there are six classes of Pronouns:

(1) Personal, (2) Demonstrativ, (3) Reflexive, (4) Relative,
(5) Indefinite, and (6) Interrogative.

Personal Pronouns are used for `the person speaking`, the person spoken to` and `the person or thing spoken about`. There are thus three Persons:

Pronouns indicating the person speaking are said to be of the First Person. These are Ùðøü `I` (singular) and èÙð `we` (plural). (èÙð is oftern used for Ùðøü by authors and editors and colloquially). Pronouns indicating the person spoken to are said to be of the Second Person. These are Ãðõ `thou` (singular), ÃðôÙð `you` (plural) and ¡ðÑð `you` (honorific: always takes third person plural verbs). Ãðõ is used in addressing God, children and, occasionally, very intimate friends. It may also be used in anger or to express disrespect or in fondly addressing one`s mother, sister, younger brother etc. (but seldom father, uncle and grandfather). ÃðôÙð is used in addressing God, children and, occasionally, very intimate friends. It may also be used in a nger or to express disrespect or in fondly addressing one`s mother, sister, younger brother etc. (but seldom father, uncle and grandfather). ¡ðÑð is the polite and respectful form of address for all, both in the singular and the plural. (it is occasionally used also for a person `spoken about`.) See font face="AkrutiOffdevDynamic" size="5">The singular forms ãðè and Úðè are not used for a person unless he (or she) can also be addressed as Ãðõ when spoken to. ãð÷ and Úð÷ are the usual forms in both singular and plural. For things, however, the ``correct`` number is used. In polite speech, ¡ðÑð is almost invariably used instead of Úð÷ when the person spoken about is present (as``the gentleman here``)..Pronouns referring to the person or thing spoken about (other than the person speaking and the person spoken to) are said to be of the Third Person. These are ãðè and Úðè `he, she, it` (singular), and ãð÷ and Úð÷ `they and these` (plural).

(i) ãðè, Úðè, ãð÷ and Úð÷ are really Demonstrative Pronouns, used also as Personal. See:- Demonstrative Pronouns are used for `pointing out` a relatively remote or proximate person or thing. The Demonstrative Pronouns are:- ãðè, Úðè, ãð÷ and Úð÷ are Personal or Demonstrative, can be ascertained from only the situation or the context. When there is definite `pointing out`, they are Demonstrative. When there is more substitution of Nouns, they are Personal. In talk, Demonstrative pronouns are often accompanied with gesture `i.e.` `pointing out`.

ãðè and ãð÷ refer to the absent or relatively remote person (s) and thing (s); (``he, she, it-three,»«; Úðè and Úð÷ refer to the present or relatively proximate person (s) and thing (s)- (``he, she, it-here``, ``these-here)»«. The singular forms ãðè and Úðè are not used for a person unless he (or she) can also be addressed as Ãðõ when spoken to. ãð÷ and Úð÷ are the usual forms in both singular and plural. For things, however, the ``correct`` number is used. In polite speech, ¡ðÑð is almost invariably used instead of Úð÷ when the person spoken about is present (as``the gentleman here``). In writing, ¡ðÑð is sometimes used (as ``the gentleman``) for an author, scholar, leader etc. introduced or described to the readers. The usage, however, is somewhat archaic. Use of Úðè and ãðè Plural forms, though common, should be carefully avoided.

All the Pronouns (of whatever class) except Ùðøü, èÙð Ãðõ and ÃðôÙð and the Reflexive (109) are considered to be of the Third Person. See:- Thus, the present Indicative forms of the root µðâð are as follows:-with a Masculine subject:-

singular plural

First Person Ùðøü µðâðÃðð èõü `I move`, èÙð µðâðÃð÷ èø `we move`.
Second Person Ãðõ µðâðÃðð èøü `thou movest`, ÃðôÙð µðâðÃð÷ èð÷ `you move`.
Third Person ãðè µðâðÃðð èøü `he (or it) moves`, ãð÷ µðâðÃð÷ èøü `they move`.

With a Feminine subject:-

singular Plural

1st person Ùðøü µðâðÃðó èõû èÙð µðâðÃðó èøü
2nd " Ãðõ µðâðÃðó èøü ÃðôÙð µðâðÃðó èð÷
3rd " ãðè µðâðÃðó èøü ãð÷ µðâðÃðó èøü

Note (ii). Generally, ãðè and Úðè are pronounced as ãðð÷ and Úð÷.

Demonstrative Pronouns are used for `pointing out` a relatively remote or proximate person or thing. The Demonstrative Pronouns are:- ãðè, Úðè, ãð÷ and Úð÷ are Personal or Demonstrative, can be ascertained from only the situation or the context. When there is definite `pointing out`, they are Demonstrative. When there is more substitution of Nouns, they are Personal. In talk, Demonstrative pronouns are often accompanied with gesture `i.e.` `pointing out`. Reflexive Pronouns substitue and refer to a Noun or Pronoun which is, as a rule, the logical subject of the sentence.