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CHAPTER XXXVIII

An Interjection is a word expressing some emotion (pain, pleasure, anger, surprise, dislike, disgust etc.): Oh! Alas ! An Interjection, like a noun in the vocative case (102), has no grammatical relation with any other word in the sentence. It is, in fact, a sentence in itself. (Oh ! = `I am surprised`, or `It is surprising`).

In Hindi, most of the Interjections are used as independent words. Some, however, are prefixed to a Noun in the vocative case. (See : The vocative form is identical with the oblique, except that in the plural, ¡ð÷ü loss its nasalization. There are no case-signs but certain Interjections (¡ð÷) âðÀÿ¨÷î ! Boy!` (¡ð÷) âðÀÿ¨îð÷ `Boys!`

(¦) âðÀÿ¨îó ! Girl!` (¡ð÷) âðÀÿò¨îÚðð÷ `Girls!`

è÷ ýáäãðÜ ! `O God!` ¡Ü÷ Ððóµð `O wretch!`.

But µððµðð! `Uncle!` ÇðÇð ! `Grandpa! etc. do not change.

Note: The nasalized (-¡ð÷ü) forms should never be used for vocative plural, as is sometimes done by careless writers.):

è÷ Øð±ðãððÐðþ ! O God!` ¡ð÷ âðÀÿ¨÷î ! `Boy!`.

The following are the more important interjections in Hindi: ¡ð÷è ! ¡Ü÷ ! ¡ð÷èð÷ ! èøü ! ©Úðð ! (surprise)
ãððè ! äðð×ððäð ! ®ðõ×ð ! ÏðÐÚð ! (applause)
èðÚð ! èð ! ¡ðè ! äðð÷¨î ! ¡ð÷Òî ! (sorrow, grief)£Òî ! ¡Òîçðð÷çð !
¡ðèð ! ¡èð ! ãððè-ãððè ! (joy)
ò¶:! Æðõ ! òÏð©¨îðÜ ! (disgust-disapproval)
èðÚð Ü÷ ! ÇøÚðð Ü÷ ! (distress.)

Certain nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs are also used as interjections:
Noun:- ÜðÙð ! ÜðÙð ! (sympathy or disapproval)
×ððÑð Ü÷ ×ððÑð ! (surprise or distress)
Adjective:- ¡µ¶ð ! (surprise)
Pronoun:- ©Úðð ! (surprise)
Verb:- µðâð è¾ ! (rebuke)
ÙðÜð Ü÷ ! (distress) Some of the interjections can be used as nouns:

©Úðð÷ü èðÚð-èðÚð Ùðµðð¦ èð÷ ?	`why are you kicking up a row ?`,
çð×ð ÏðÐÚð-ÏðÐÚð ¨îÜÐð÷ âð±ð÷	`all began shouting bravo`

SYNTAX

CHAPTER XXXIX
		In the first Person plural, feminine forms of verbs are now getting obsolete. Now-a-days, women speak of themselves as èÙð ¸ððÃðó èøü, èÙð ¨îÜ÷ü±ðó, èÙð ±ðýáü etc. In the singular, however, the Verb has the singular forms Ùðøü ¸ððÃðó èõû, Ùðøü ¨îÞû±ðó, Ùðøü ±ðýá etc. The usage has naturally affected Adjectives also, and in some places, it is no longer usual for women to say èÙð ¡µ¶ó èøü (`we are all right`, or, `we are doing well`). They would rather say èÙð ¡µ¶÷ èøü. This usage (or reluctance of women to retain indistinctive feminine Gender with rreference to themselves !) has further resulted in their preference for Plural over Singular of the first Person Pronoun, since Masculine forms of Sinngular Verbs (Ùðøü ¸ððÃðð èõû etc.) are, at present, confined strictly to Masculinc Subjects. A modern woman would, thus, speak of herself as èÙð ¸ððÃð÷ èøü rather than as Ùðøü ¸ððÃðó èõû. NUMBER With Nouns, the honorific plural (78-a) is restricted to the direct case, and even so only Masculine - ¡ð Nous of the type âðÀÿ¨îð (80-b) have the Plura forms. Thus, speaking of a single person, we can say £Ðð¨÷î ×ð÷¾÷ ¡ð¦ èøü `his son has come`; but not £Ðð¨÷î ×ð÷¾ð÷ü ¨îð÷ ×ðôâðð¡ð÷ which would mean, `call their sons`. For a single son, we can only say £Ðð¨÷î ×ð÷¾÷ ¨îð÷ ×ðôâðð¡ð÷, whether we `honour` the son or not. £Ðð¨÷î ×ð÷¾÷ ×ðôâð𦠱ð¦ `his son was called`, however, is all right, since here×ð÷¾÷ is in the direct case (the Verb being Passive). Words like µððµðð, ÙððÙðð, ÇðÇð etc., of course, do not change (80-exceptions); only the Verbs and the Adjectives referring to them have the plural form: Ùð÷Ü÷ ¶ð÷¾÷ µððµðð ¡ð¦ èøü `my younger uncle has come,. Feminine nouns, similarly, remain unchanged, the Verb alone being in the plural Ùð÷Üó ÙððÃðð (not ÙððÃðð¦û) ¡ðýá èøü `my mother has come`; £Ðð¨îó âðÀÿ¨îó (not âðÀÿò¨îÚððû) ¨îèÃðó èøü `his daughter says`. The Pronouns referring to any Noun in honorific plural have the regular plural forms: Úð÷ Ùð÷Ü÷ µððµðð èøü `this is my uncle`, ãð÷ Ùð÷Üó ×ðÀÿó ×ðòèÐð èøü `she is my elder sister`. Üðæ¾àÑðòÃð ¨îâð Úðèðû ¡ð Üè÷ èøü, £Ðð¨÷î çãðð±ðÃð ¨îó ÃðøÚððòÜÚððû èð÷ Üèó èøü `the President is arriving here to-morrow. Preparations for his welcome are afoot`. ¨îð÷ (97) (a) A pronoun referring to a person, when used as an object always attaches ¨îð÷ or its equivalents -¦ or - èøü. We can say ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ãðè âðÀÿ¨îð Ç÷®ðð (objectival construction) or ÜðÙð Ðð÷ £çð âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷ Ç÷®ðð (neutral construction). But we cannot say ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ãðè Ç÷®ðð. When ãðè refers to âðÀÿ¨îð etc., we must say ÜðÙð Ðð÷ £çð÷ (£çð¨îð÷) Ç÷®ðð. This is due to the fact that £çð÷ or £çð¨îð÷ refers is to a particular being. Consequently, ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ãðè âðÀÿ¨îð Ç÷®ðð is slipshod. (b) ÑðÃÆðÜð÷ü ¨îð÷ Ò÷üî¨î òÇÚðð ±ðÚðð, Ùð¨îðÐðð÷ü ¨îð÷ ò±ðÜð òÇÚðð ¸ðð¦ etc. are formal or affected, though frequently met with. Inanimate objects had better be used without ¨îð÷ (ÑðÃÆðÜ Ò÷îü¨î òǦ ±ð¦, Ùð¨îðÐð ò±ðÜð òǦ ¸ðð¦û) except with Transitive Verbs of incomplete predication, such as, ÑðÃÆðÜð÷ü ¨îð÷ èóÜð ×ðÐðð òÇÚðð ±ðÚðð, Ùð¨îðÐðð÷ü ¨îð÷ »ðð÷üÑðòÀÿÚðð ÙððÐð òâðÚðð ±ðÚðð. With Nouns denoting time, both ¨îð÷ and Ùð÷ü are used. ¨îð÷ is generally attached when the Noun denotes a point of time and Ùð÷ü when it denotes a period. ¨îð÷ = `at` and Ùð÷ü = `during`.