Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 39 из 60)

(b) âððÐðð `to bring` makes its first Causal with the help of âð÷Ððð: òâðãðð âððÐðð `to cause to bring`.

CHAPTER XXXIII

Hindi has a large numberof compound verbs..these, as already noted (167), are formed by combining two, sometimes three or more, verbs.
of the two (or more) verbs of which a compound verb consists; the first one usually is the main and the other (or the rest) subsidiary.the main verb has either the root form;or the participle form or the Infinitive form.
Except when it is a Participle, the main root has the same for all Voices, Moods, Tenses etc. All changes due to Voice, Mood, Tense and construction affect only the Subsidiary Verb. Thus -

ãðè ±ððÐð÷ âð±ðð `he started singing`,
ãðè ±ððÐð÷ âð±ðó `she started singing`,
èÙð ±ððÐð÷ âð±ð÷ü±ð÷ `we shall start singing`,
ÃðôÙð ±ððÐð÷ âð±ðÃð÷ èð÷ `you start singing`,
Ùðøü ÑðÁÿ µðô¨îð `I have finished reading`,
ãðè ÑðÁÿ µðô¨÷î±ðó `she will have finished reading`.

But ãðè ®ððÐðð ®ððÃðð µðâðð ¸ðð Üèð èø `he is going on (continuously) eating`,ãðè ®ððÃðó µðâðó ¸ðð Üèó èø `she is going on eating`,

As already stated (170), the Subsidiary Verbs help to modify the `aspect` or the nature of the action denoted by the main Verbçðð÷Ððð `to sleep`, çðð÷ ¸ððÐðð `to fall asleep`., Effectuve Aspect; or Completive); ®ððÐðð `to eat ®ððÐð÷ âð±ðÐðð `to start eating`, (Inceptive or Inchoative Aspect); ¡ðÐðð `to come`, ¡ðÚðð ¨îÜÐðð `to come frequently`, (Frequentative Aspect). ãðè ¡ð Üèð èø `he is coming` is Progressive Aspect with a special form. See:-

(a) ÜèÐðð as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form: ãðè ¸ðð Üè ð èø `he is going`, ãðè ¸ððÃðð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps going (habitually), ãðè ×ðø¿ð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps sitting`, ãðè ¨ ð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps wearing a coat,

(b)of these, (1) alone dontes an action in progress or in process not yet complited. of the other three forms, (2) denotes a habit (not an action in progress), while (3) and (4) denote continuity of a state. Only (1), therefore, can form the progressive aspect.

It is to be noted that, while (2), (3) and (4) can be used in all Tenses and Moods (¸ððÃðð Üè÷±ðð, µðâðÃðð Üèð, ×ðø¿÷ Üè÷, ÑðèÐð÷ Üèð èð÷Ãðð etc.) in the progressive sense, the Subsidiary ÜèÐðð is always in the past participle form (with the usual fem. and pl. modifications). Besides, it can be used only in the present and the habitual past (¸ðð Üèð èø - ¸ðð Üèð Æðð) or in the Subjective forms ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷, ¡ð Üèð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷±ðð. In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241).
It may also be noted that the rare progressive of the simple past (when used as future conditional) is ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. (322). It is evident from the above that Hindi Verbs have a regular progressive form only in those Tenses and Moods which are made with the help of a present participle. These are :-

ãðè ¸ððÃðð èø (¸ðð Üèð èø) Present Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð Æðð (¸ðð Üèð Æðð) Habitual Past-Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷ (¸ðð Üèð èð÷) Present Potential,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷Ãðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷Ãðð) Present Contingent,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷±ðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷±ðð) Present Presumptive.

The Üèð forms in these Tenses are, of course, of the nature of a compound Verb. But having a special form and being so frequently used, they are on par with the common forms (¸ððÃðð èø etc.).

Some Subsidiary Verbs help to change the Voice of the main Verb, usually from Active to Passive: ®ðð÷Ððð `to lose`, ®ðð÷ (or ®ðð÷Úðð) ¸ððÐðð `to get lost`.

The Compound Verbs may be divided into four groups according to the form of main Verb; viz.; (1) Bare Root (i.e. Absolutive without ¨îÜ), (2) Infinitive, (3) Present Participle, and (4) Past Participle.
The various aspects will be noted while discussing each group.

255. It is important to remember that, whether the main root is Transitive or Intransitive, a compound Verb admits of objectival construction (with a past participle) only it the Subsidiary is Transitive. Thus:
Ùðøü Ðð÷ µððÚð Ñðó `I took tea` (objectival construction),
ÙðøüÐð÷ µððÚð Ñðó âðó `I have taken tea` (objectival construction because âðó is trans.) But, Ùðøü µððÚð Ñðó µðô¨îð `I have finished taking tea` (subj. constr.because µðô¨îð is intrans.).

Main Verb: Bare - Root (Absolutive Form)

In the compound verbs of this class, the main Verb has the absolutive form without ¨îÜ (243) which is identical with its root form, and remains unchanged. The subsidiary Verbs commonly used are as follows:-

(b) ¡ðÐðð `to come` retains part of its own meaning while indicating
completion of an action (denoted by the main Verb). It also denotes (with an Intransitive Verb) `to come to` or `to be about to`, in which sense its past tense has the force of the present or the present perfect:

Ùðøü ¨îðÙð ¨îÜ ¡ðÚðð `I come having done the work,»
Ùðøü ®ððÐðð ®ðð ¡ðÚðð `I come having taken the meal,»
Ùðøü £çð÷ Ç÷®ð ¡ðÚðð èõû `I have come having seen him`,
Ùðøü ×ðÙ×ðýá èð÷ ¡ðÚðð èõû `I have been to Bombay`,
ÃðôÙð, ×ððèðÜ èð÷ ¡ð¡ð÷ `You go to the market and come back`, (lit. `you come back after having been to the market`).
âð÷Ððð `to take` + ¡ðÐðð gives âððÐðð `to bring`, although âð÷ ¡ðÐðð `to fetch` is also in use. (Note the difference in the meaning) âððÐðð does not consequently admit of objectival construction in the past tense (199).

(c) ¸ððÐðð `to go` indicates `completion` besides making passives (Chapter XIV):
Ùðøü çð×ð ÇõÏð Ñðó ¸ðð¤û±ðð `I shall drink off the entire milk`,
ãðè ÑðõÜó ò¨îÃðð×ð ÑðÁÿ ±ðÚðð `he read the entire book`,
çðóÃðð ¡ð ±ðýá `Sita has come`.
In some cases, ¸ððÐðð retains part of its own meaning besides
denoting completion:
Ðððø¨îÜ ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ¨îÜ ±ðÚðð èø `the servant has done his work and gone`,
Ïðð÷×ðó ¨îÑðÀ÷ âð÷ ±ðÚðð `the washerman took away the clothes`.
(d) £¿Ððð `to arise, to get up` indicates ` (suddenly) start to....`
ãðè ±ðð £¿ð ` (suddenly) he started singing`,
×ðµµðð Üð÷ £¿ð `the child (suddenly, unexpectedly) started crying`.
(e) ×ðø¿Ððð `to sit` indicates `to do something (undesirable in desperation, without forethougth, or suddenly, or completely, or forcibly`:
£çð÷ Ãðü±ð ÙðÃð ¨îÜð÷, Ððèóü Ãðð÷ ÙððÜ ×ðø¿÷±ðð `do not bother him otherwise he
will (get desperate and) strike`,
Ùðøü Úðè ©Úðð ¨îÜ ×ðø¿ð `what (aweful thing) have I done`!
ãðè £¿ ×ðø¿ð he suddenly got up`,
(f) âð÷Ððð `to take` denotes `completnion` of some action, mainly `for in the interest of oneself`:
ÙðøÐð÷ ®ðð òâðÚðð ` I have taken my meal`,
çðð÷ âð÷Ððð `to finish off sleeping`,
Üð÷ âð÷Ððð `to finish off crying`,
âð÷ âð÷Ððð `to take away (for oneself)»,
The compound èð÷ âð÷Ððð `to be completed` is passive.
Úðè ¨îðÙð èð÷ âð÷, Ãð×ð èÙð ¶âð÷ü±ð÷ `we shall go after this work is done`.
However, in the phrase çððÆð èð÷ âð÷Ððð `to accompany`, it is Active:
Ùðø £çð¨÷î çððÆð èð÷ òâðÚðð `I accompanied him`. (g) Ç÷Ððð `to give`denotes `completion` of an action `for someone else`;
ÙðøÐð÷ ¡ðÑð¨îð ¨îðÙð ¨îÜ òÇÚðð `I (have) completed your work (for you)»;
ãðè Ùðô»ð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó ò¨îÃðð×ð Ç÷ Ç÷±ðð `he will give (away) his book to me`; (Ç÷Ððð as main, as well as subsidiary).
Ç÷Ððð may also denote `to start to .....`. with an Intransitive main verb:
ãðè Üð÷ òÇÚðð `he started crying`,
ãðè µðâð òÇÚðð `he started to go`.
Notice the difference;
ÙðøÐð÷ Ñðëð ÑðÁÿ òâðÚðð `I read the letter`,
ÙðøÐð÷ Ñðëð ÑðÁÿ òÇÚðð `I read out the letter (for someone who could not
or would not read it himself)».
(h) Ñð´Ððð `to fall` denotes ` suddenness, chance, happening`:
ãðè èûçð ÑðÀÿð `he burst out laughing`,
Ùðø ò±ðÜ ÑðÀÿð `I fell down (happening`:
It also makes passives with the added sense of `happening`:
¦÷çðð ¸ððÐð ÑðÀÿÃðð èø `it seems.........`,
ÇõÜ ÑðÜ ÑðèðÀÿ Çó®ð ÑðÀÿð ` at a distance, a mountain come into view`,
¡ð ÑðÀÿÐðð means `to befall, to happen to come (unexpectedly)».
×ðÐð `to be made` + ÑðÀÿÐðð means `to be possibole`:
Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¸ðð÷ ×ðÐð ÑðÀÿ ÙðøüÐð÷ ò¨îÚðð `I did whateverv I could`.

ÀðâðÐðð `to throw, is combined with Transitive Verbs and indicates `completion` with vehemence and within a short time:
£çðÐð÷ Ñð÷Àÿ ¨îð¾ Àðâðð `he cut away the tree`,
×ðµµð÷ Ðð÷ äðóäðð Ãðð÷Àÿ Àðâðð `the child broke the mirror to pieces`.
Similarly, ÙððÜ ÀðâðÐðð `to kill off`, ®ðð ÀðâðÐðð `eat up`,
Ñðó ÀðâðÐðð `to drink off` etc.
(j) ÜèÐðð `to live, to continue, is sused for forming the progressive
aspect. See :-