Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 55 из 60)

The important Secondary Suffixes of Hindi are as follows:-
1-¡ð forms Adjectives denoting `having`:
Øðõ®ðð `hungry` from Øðõ®ð `hunger`;
ÑÚððçðð `thirsty` from ÑÚððçð `thirst`;
Ùðøâðð `dirty` from Ùðøâð `dirt`

(2)-¡ðýá forms Abstract and other Nouns (Fem.) from Adjectives:
¡µ¶ðýá `goodness` from ¡µ¶ð `good`;
×ðôÜðýá `badness, evil` from ×ðôÜð `bad`;
òÙð¿ðýá `sweetmeat` from Ùðó¿ð `seweet`.

-¡ðçð forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine) from Adjectives:
òÙð¿ðçð `sweetness` from Ùðó¿ð `sweet`;
®ð¾ðçð `sourness` from ®ð¾þ¾ð `sour`. -¡ðçð forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine) from Adjectives:
¨îÀÿãððè¾ `bitterness` from ¨îÀÿãðð `bitter`;
òµð¨îÐððè¾ `smoothness` from òµð¨îÐðð `smooth`. -ýÚðð forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `coming from`, `belonging to`:
¨îâð¨îòÃðÚðð `of Calcutta` from ¨îâð¨îÄðð `Calcutta`;
¨îÐððøò¸ðÚðð `belonging to Kanauj` from ¨îÐððø¸ð `Kanauj`;
×ðÙ×ðýÚðð `grown in Bombay` from ×ðÙ×ðýá `Bombay`.
-ýÚðð also forms diminutives (Feminine):
®ðò¾Úðð `a small cot` from ®ðð¾ `cot`;
ò×ðò¾Úðð `young daughter` from ×ð÷¾ó `daughter`;
òÀò×ðÚðð `casket` from òÀ××ðð `box`. -ýá forms Adjectives from Nouns, and denotes `belonging to`, having`, `coming from`:
±ðôâðð×ðó `rosy` from ±ðôâðð×ð `rose`;
×ðü±ððâðó `Bengali` from ×ðü±ððâð `Bengal`;
Ç÷äðó `countrymade` from Ç÷äð `country`;
¤Ððó `wollen` from ¤Ðð `wool`;
¸ðü±ðâðó `wild` from ¸ðü±ðâð `forest`.
-ýá also forms Diminutives (Feminine):
ÑðèðÀÿó `hill` from ÑðèðÀÿ `mountain`;
Üççðó `rope` from Üççðð `rope`;
¾ð÷¨îÜó `small basket` from ¾ð÷¨îÜð `basket`.
-ýá further forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine) from Nouns or Adjectives:
µðð÷Üó `theft` from µðð÷Ü thief
®ð÷Ãðó `agriculture` from ®ð÷Ãð field`;
×ðôòÊÙððÐðó `wisdom` from ×ðôòÊÙððÐð `wise`;
±ðÜó×ðó `poverty` from ±ðÜó×ð `poor`. ýáâðð forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `containing`, `full of`;
Üçðóâðð `juicy` from Üçð `juice`;
¸ðèÜóâð `poisonous` from ¸ðèÜ `poison`;
ÑðÐðóâðð `watery` from ÑððÐðó `water` (with vowel-shortening).
-¤ forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `belonging to`, `tending to`, etc.:
×ðð¸ððÞ `of the market`, from ×ðð¸ððÜ `market`;
`common`, `cheap`
³ðÞ `homely`, `private` from ³ðÜ `home, house`;
Áðâðõ `sloping` from Áðâð `slope`;
Ñð÷¾õ `voracious` from Ñð÷¾ `belly, stomach`.
(9) -¦Üð denotes `belonging to`, `dealing in` and forms Nouns and Adjectives from Nouns:
ÙðÙð÷Üð (Fem. ÙðÙð÷Üó) from ÙððÙðð `maternal uncle`;
µðµð÷Üð (Fem. µðµð÷Üó) from µððµðð `uncle`;
Ùððøçð÷Üð (Fem. Ùððøçð÷Üó) from Ùððøçðó `maternal aunt` etc.

These words denote `sons (or daughters) of maternal uncle` etc.
çðûÑð÷Üð `snake-charmer` from çððûÑð `snake`;
òµðÃð÷Üð `painter` from òµðëð `picture, painting`.
(10) -ÑðÐð forms Abstract Nouns (Masculine) form Adjectives or Nouns:
¨îðâððÑðÐð `blackness` from ¨îðâðð `black`;
Ñðð±ðâðÑðÐð `madness` from Ñðð±ðâð `mad`;
âðÀÿ¨îÑðÐð `boyishness` from âðÀÿ¨îð `boy`.

(11) Ñðð similarly makes Abstract Nouns (Masculine) from Nouns or Adjectives which shorten their first vowels:
Ùðô¾ðÑðð (Ùðð÷¾ðÑðð, `fatness` from Ùðð÷¾ð `fat`;
×ðôÁÿðÑðð `old age` from ×ðõÁÿð `old`;
ÜûÀðÑðð `widowhood` from ÜðûÀ `widow`.
(12) èÜð See:- ý¨îèÜð `single, not double or multiple, lean`, Çð÷èÜð `two-fold, stout`, and òÃðèÜð, Ãð÷èÜð `treble, three-fold`, µððøèÜð `quadruple, four-fold`, çðãððÚðð `1 1/4 times as much` and ÀþÚðð÷Áÿð ` one half as much`, are special forms.

The following Persian suffixes may also be noted:
1-ýá forms Abstract Nouns (Feminine) From Adjectives:
®ðôäðó `pleasure` from ®ðôäð `happy, pleased`;
Çð÷çÃðó `friendship` from Çð÷çÃð `friend`;
ÇôäÙðÐðó `enmity` from ÇôäÙðÐð `enemy`.
2-±ðÜ or ±ððÜ makes Nouns, and denotes `dealing in`:
çððøÇð±ðÜ `merchant` from çððøÇð `merchandise`;
¸ððÇõ±ðÜ `magician` from ¸ððÇõ `magic`;
±ðôÐðè±ððÜ `sinner` from ±ðôÐððè `sin (with vowel-
shorrtening);
ÙðÇDZððÜ `helper` from ÙðÇÇ `help`.
3-¡ðÐðð makes Adjectives from Nouns :
çððâððÐðð `annual` from çððâð `year`;
Üð÷¸ððÐðð `daily` from Üð÷¸ð `day`;
ÙðÇðáÐðð `manly, (as) male` from ÙðÇá `male`;
äððèðÐðð `royal` from äððè `king`. -Ððð¨î forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `full of, arousing`:
ÇÇáÐðð¨î `touching, piteous` from ÇÇá `pin, pity`;
®ððøÒîÐðð¨î `frightful` from ®ððøÒî `fear, fright`;
®ðÃðÜÐðð¨î `dangerous` from ®ðÃðÜð `danger`. -ýáÐð forms Adjectives from Nouns and dentoes `having`:
Üü±ðóÐð `coloured` from Üü±ð `colour`;
äððø¨îóÐð `fond` from äððø¨î `liking, hobby`;
ÐðÙð¨îóÐð `salty` from ÐðÙð¨î `salt`. -ÙðüÇ forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `having`;
ÇðøâðÃðÙðüÇ `wealthy` from ÇðøâðÃð `wealth`;
¡©âðÙðüÇ `wise` from ¡©âð `wisdom`;
ÒîðÚðÇ÷ÙðüÇ `useful, advantageous` from ÒîðÚðÇð `advantage`.
(7) ÇðÜ similarly forms Adjectives from Nouns and denotes `having`:
¸ðÙðóüÇðÜ `zamindar, landlord` from ¸ðÙðóüÐð `land`;
ÙððâðÇðÜ `wealthy` from Ùððâð `property`;
Çõ¨îðÐðÇðÜ `shopkeeper` from Çõ¨îðÐð `shop`

APPENDIX II

GENDER FORMS

GENDER (77)

Gender in Hindi is determined by usage, not by any hard and fast rules. The following points may be noted for guidance:

Nouns denoting male beings are Masculine and those denoting fe,a;e neomgs are Fe,omome. (They have the `Natural Gender`). However, the Masculine Nouns ×ðµµð÷ (plural) `children, and âðð÷±ð `people` (always plural) may refer to both male and female persons. ×ðµµðð in the singular may refer to a female child, although the feminine form ×ðµµðó does exist. Nouns denoting certain species of animals, birds, insects etc. are either only Masculine or only Feminine. Masculine:-

Ñðêðó `bird`	£ââðõ `owl`
¨îðø¡ð `crow`	Øð÷òÀÿÚðð `wolf`
µðóÃðð `leopard`	¨îóÀÿð `insect`
®ð¾Ùðâð `bug`	Ùðµ¶Ü `mosquito`
¨÷üîµðô¡ð `earthworm`

For denoting specifically the female species, the word ÙððÇð `female` is prefixed to these Nouns, the gender remaining the same:

ÙððÇð Øð÷òÀÿÚðð `she-wolf`

ÙððÇð Ùðµ¶Ü `female mosquito`

Feminine:-

òµðòÀÿÚðð `bird`	µðóâð `kite`
¨îð÷Úðâð `cuckoo`	ò±ðâðèÜó `squirrel`
òÃðÃðâðó `butterfly`	Ùð©®ðó `fly`
Ùð¶ÿâðó `fish` etc.

For denoting the male, the word ÐðÜ `male` is prefixed to these - the gender remaining Feminine. Collective Nouns are treated as names of `things` even if they refer to a collection of human beings, and their Gender depends upon usage. Thus, çðÙðõè `group`, »ðôüÀ `multitude`, ÑðòÜãððÜ or ¨ôî¾ôÙ×ð `family`, Çâð `troop` etc. are Masculine; while ØðóÀÿ `crowd`, Òðø¸ð `army`, çðØðð `meeting or assembly`, Ñ߸ðð `the ipeople, (subjects)» etc. are Feminine.

Most of the Tadbhava Nouns ending in -¡ð, -Ððð, -¡ðãð, -ÑðÐð, Ñðð and -¡ðÐð are Masculine:

Ñðøçðð `pice`	¨îÑðÀÿð `cloth`
±ðÐÐðð `sugar-cane`	¡ðÐðð `coming`
¸ððÐðð `going`	®ððÐðð `meal`
±ððÐðð `song`	×ðèðãð `flow`
³ðôÙððãð `bend`	âðÀÿ¨îÑðÐð `boyhood`
×ðÀÿÑÑðÐð `greatness`	×ðôÁÿðÑðð `old age`
âð±ððÐð `tax`	òÙðâððÐð `comparison, harmony`

Most of the Nouns ending in -ýá , -ýÚðð, -ãð¾, -è¾ are Feminine:

Üð÷¾ó `bread`	¾ð÷Ñðó `cap`
òµð¾þ¿ó `letter`	ÐðÇó `river`
ÑðôòÀÿÚðð `small packet`	òÀò×ðÚðð `small box`
×ðÐððãð¾ `make`	çð¸ððãð¾ `decoration`
³ð×ðÜðè¾ `uneasiness

etc. But ³ðó `ghee`, Çèó `curd`, ÑððÐðó `water`, Ùðð÷Ãðó `pearl` ¸ðó `mind, heart, mental or physical condition` are Masculine.

Genders of Tatsama Nouns are usually retained, the Sanskrit Neuter gender being treated as Masculine.