Способы письма в алфавите языка хинди (стр. 28 из 60)

(ii) The honorific ¡ðÑð `you` is considered to be a Third Person plural Pronoun: ¡ðÑð ¸ððÃð÷ èøü `you go` (Fem. ¡ðÑð ¸ððÃðó èøü).

The above forms have the Subjectival construction, sine the Verb agrees in Number, Person and Gender with the logical subject (`the doer`). In the Active Voice, the Present Indicative does not have the Objectival or the Neutral construction : the Verb must here always agree with the logical subject only. See:- (ii) In the Active voice, the Objectival and the Neutral constructions are possible only if the Verb has a past participle from

(a) As per the Aspect, the above forms are Terminate: they represent the act (`moving` etc.) as a whole, a fact,- not as progressing. The progressive aspect (`he is going`) is expressed with the help of the Auxiliary Üèð, Üè÷,Üèó compounded with the main root. Thus:-

ãðè ¸ðð Üèð èø `he is going`,
ãðè µðâð Üèó èø `she is moving`,
ãðè ¡ð Üè÷ èø `they are coming`.

The negative forms are made with the help of the particle Ððèóü placed immediately before the Verb. But in the negative sentence èø, èøü, etc.

are, as a rule, omitted:
ãðè Ððèóü ¸ððÃðð `he does not go`,

ÜðÙð ç¨õîâð Ùð÷ü Ððèóü ÑðÁÿÃðð, ³ðÜ ÑðÜ ÑðÁÿÃðð èø `Ram does not study in a school, he studies at home. `

In asking questions, ©Úðð is generally added to the sentence usually in the beginning, but may be omitted, if the interrogation is evident from the context or form the intonation. See:- Interrogative Pronouns are used in asking questions.

Hind has only two Interrogative Pronouns- ¨îð÷ýá and ©Úðð, the former usually referring tp `person` and the latter to `things` either in singular or in plural:

ãðè ¨îðøÐð èø ? `who is he?`;
Úðè ©Úðð èø ? `what is this ?`;
ãð÷ ¨îðøÐð èøü ? `who are they ?`;
Úð÷ ©Úðð èøü ? `what are these ?`

©Úðð is really a neuter form - a rare oceeurremce in Hindi.

©Úðð (frequently expressed but occasionally implied) is used for denoting the interrogative nature of a sentence (except when another interrogativ word is present (192 Note):

©Úðð ãðè ¡ðÚðð èø ? `has he come?`;
(©Úðð) ÜðÙð çðð÷ ±ðÚðð ? `has Ram gone to sleep?.

For further uses of ©Úðð (as a Compound Pronoun),©Úðð-©Úðð `which things?`, `what things?
Øððýá ×ððºððÜ çð÷ ©Úðð-©Úðð âðð¦ èøü ? `what things has brother brought of situation, usually for the worse. ©Úðð-çð÷-©Úðð denotes unexpected and abruptchange of situation, usually for the worse. ©Úðð.....©Úðð is adverbial and denotes, equally, without difference or distinction. It has a conjunctive force.
©Úðð ÃðôÙð, ©Úðð ãðè, Çð÷Ððð÷ü Ùðõ®ðá èøü `you and he are both (equally) fools`.
©Úðð òÐðÏðáÐð, ©Úðð ÏðÐðó, çðØðó ÙðÜ÷ü±ð÷ `whether rich or poor, all will pass away`.
¨îðøÐð and ©Úðð may be used as a Relative Pronoun:
ãðè ¨îðøÐð èø, ¨îð÷ýá Ððèóü ¸ððÐðÃðð `nobody knows who he is.`
ÑðÃðð âð±ðð¡ð÷ ò¨î ¨îâð £çðÐð÷ ©Úðð ò¨îÚðð `find out what he did yesterday.`
©Úðð is used as an Exclamatory Adjective for denoting the surprising or striking nature of some quality etc:
©Úðð (èó) çðôÐÇÜ ÈäÚð èø ! `what a lovely scene!`
©Úðð Ñðð±ðâð ¡ðÇÙðó èø ! `what an idiotic person !`
Úðè ©Úðð ×ð÷ãð¨õîÒîó èø ! `what foolishness is this!`

©Úðð is also used as Adverb expressing emphatic negation:
ãðè ¡ðÇÙðó ©Úðð èø, Üðêðçð èø `call him a man? he is a demon`;
×ðµµðð ©Úðð èø, ±ðôâðð×ð ¨îð Òõîâð èø `it`s not a child, it`s a rose.`
ãðè ÇðøÀÿÃðð ©Úðð èø, £ÀÿÃðð èø `dose he run? he flies!`
ÃðôÙð Ùðô«îÇÙð÷ Ùð÷ü ©Úðð ¸ðóÃðð÷±ð÷ `you will win the case? impossible!
Another Adverbial use of ©Úðð is as a declarative, rhetorical in terrogative:
Úðè ©Úðð ÑðÀÿó èø ÃðôÙèðÜó ò¨îÃðð×ð! `here lies your book! can`t you see?
Ùðøü Úðè ©Úðð ×ðø¿ð èõü `am I not sitting here (don`t you see, I am sitting here)?`
The pair ©Úðð ....©Úðð ©Úðð-©Úðð `which things?`, `what things?`:
Øððýá ×ððºððÜ çð÷ ©Úðð-©Úðð âðð¦ èøü ? `what things has brother brought of situation, usually for the worse. is also adverbial (conjunctive) in sense.

©Úðð ãðè ç¨õîâð ¸ððÃðð èø? `does he go to the school?
©Úðð çðóÃðð ³ðÜ ÑðÜ ÑðÁÿÃðó èø? `does Sita study at home?

Note:- But if the sentence contains an Interrogative Pronoun (in any capacity) or an Interrogative Pronominal Adjective or Adverb, the additional ©Úðð is omitted:

Úðèðü ¨îðøÐð ÜèÃðð èø ? `who lives here ? (¨îðøÐð Subject)»,
ãðè ©Úðð ÑðÁÿÃðð èø ? `what does he study ? (©Úðð Object)»,
ãðè ò¨îÃðÐðð ÞÑðÚðð µððèÃðð èø ? `how much money does he want ?` (üò¨îÃðÐðð Pronominal Adjective)»,
ãðè ¨îèðü ÜèÃðó èø ? `where does she live ? (¨îèðü Pronominal Adverb)».

In the rest of the Tenses and Moods, ©Úðð is used in the same manner.

The Terminate or - Ãðð Present states a general or a particular fact:-

ÜðÙð çðãð÷Ü÷ ç¨õîâð ¸ððÃðð èø `Ram goes to school in the morning (every day)».
µðâðð÷, Ùððü ×ðôâððÃðó èø `come on, mother calls (wants) you`.

The first sentence states a general fact; the second refers, obviously, to a particular occasion. However, it may not always be obvious whether a - Ãðð from is referring to general or to a particular fact. In such cases, it becomes necessary to use the Üèð form which is more exolicit in its reference to a particular occasion. A sentence like ãðè »ðõ¿ ×ðð÷âðÃðð èø `he tells a lie` may mean either `he lies habitually`, or he is (on theis occasion) telling a lie`. If, therefore, the reference is to a particular occasion, ãðè »ðõ¿ ×ðð÷âð Üèð èø would be preferable. For denoting a continued action, the Üèð form is almost exclusively used:-

âðÀÿ¨÷î ®ð÷ Üè÷ èøü `the boys are playing `.
ãð÷ ¸ðð Üè÷ èøü `they are going`, etc.

CHAPTER XXIV

The Indicative Past is identical in form with the Past Participle of a Verb which, being an Adjective, is affected (like the Present Participle: 186) by the Number and Gender of the Subject (or of the Object, See below

(a) The forms given in 196 (a) and (b) above have the Subjectival construction: the Verbs agree with the Subjects in Number and Gender. This, as a rule, is the case with all the Intransitive Verbs. With the Transitive Verbs, however, the Objectival construction is the rule. The Verb in such cases agrees with the Object in Gender and Number and the Subject is placed in the Oblique form with Ðð÷. (Ðð÷ is Agentive).

ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð ÑðÁÿó	`Ram read the book`.
âðÀÿ¨îð÷ü Ðð÷ ®ððÐðð ®ððÚðð	`the boys took meal`.
ÙðøüÐð÷ Òîâð Ãðð÷À	`I plucked fruits`.
Øððýá Ðð÷ µððÚð Ñðó	`brother drandk (took) tea`.

Note: (i) It will be observed that ÑðÁÿó in the first sentence has Fem. Sg. form because the Object ò¨îÃðð×ð is Fem. Sg. The subject (Ram) ÜðÙð, which is Masc. Sg., does not affect the Verb. ®ððÚðð, Ãðð÷Àÿ÷ and Ñðó in the other three sentences, similarly, agree with the Objects ®ððÐðð (Masc, Sg.) Òîâð (Masc. Pl), and µððÚð (Fem. Sg.).

These forms cannot, of course, be called `Passive`, as far as Hindi is concerned, since the subject in each case acts and is not `acted upon` See:- (a) The forms of a Verb indicating the type of the character of the action etc. denoted by it are called Aspect.

(b) Hindi Verbs have numerous `Aspects`, such as Terminate, Progressive, Iterative, Intensive, Effective, Inceptive etc. All the Aspects (i.e. Verb-forms denoting nature of action), except the Terminate, are made by combining the main Verb with various subsidiary Verbs.

In their origin, in Sanskrit and Prakrit, they had the Passive Construction.

If a Verb has two Objects, it agrees with the primary object (94-e)

ÙðøüÐð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Çð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü Çó `I gave two books to Ram`.

(a) The Past Participle is formed by appending ¡ð to the root:

µðâð `move`-	µðâðð `moved`
ÑðÁÿ `read`-	ÑðÁÿð `read`
çðôÐð `hear`-	çðôÐðð `heard`

(b) However, the root ending in ¤ and ýá shorten their vowels before the -¡ð and, in the case of-ýá roots, a-Úð is inserted between the root and the-¡ð. Thus-

¶õ `touch`-	¶õ¡ð `touched`
µðõ `leak`-	µðô¡ð `leaked`
Ñðó `drink`-	òÑðÚðð `drunk`
¸ðó `live`-	ò¸ðÚðð `lived`

¡ð `come`	¡ðÚðð `come`
®ðð `eat`	®ððÚðð `eaten`
®ð÷ `row`	®ð÷Úðð `rowed`
×ðð÷ `sow`	×ðð÷Úðð `sown`
çðð÷ `sleep`	çðð÷ `slept`
®ðð÷ `lose`	®ðð÷Úðð `lost`

(d) The following are exceptional forms:-

èð÷ `be` -	èô¡ð `been`
¨îÜ `do` -	ò¨Úðð `done`
¸ðð `go` -	±ðÚðð `gone`
âð÷ `take` -	òâðÚðð `taken`
Ç÷ `give` -	òÇÚðð `given`

196. These forms, when used as Verbs of the Past Tense, modify their -¡ð to ýá in the Feminine Singular, to - ýá in the Feminine Plural, and to - ¦ in the Masculine Plural. Thus :-

µðâðð Masc. Sg.

µðâðó Fem Sg.

µðâðóü Fem. Pl.

µðâð÷ Masc. Pl.

and There is, however, no modification due to Person. The Past Indicative forms of µðâð are:-